IPv6权威指南：从入门到实践

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"IPv6 Essentials" 是一本权威的IPv6技术指南，它深入浅出地介绍了IPv6协议的各个方面，特别适合那些希望全面了解和掌握下一代互联网协议的专业人士。作为英文原版书籍，它不仅包含了理论知识，还可能包括实用案例、配置管理以及网络设计的最佳实践。书中可能会探讨IPv6地址的结构与分配，多播、安全协议如IPsec，以及IPv6在移动设备、物联网（IoT）和云计算环境中的应用。与之相关的其他资源，例如"IPv6 Network Administration"，关注的是IPv6网络的日常管理和维护；"TCP/IP Network Administration" 提供了关于网络协议栈的全面理解；"Cisco IOS in a Nutshell" 和 "Cisco Cookbook™" 则可能包含针对思科设备的IPv6配置和技术实践；"BGP Essentials" 关注边界网关协议在IPv6网络中的作用；"Essential SNMP" 讲解了简单网络管理协议在IPv6环境中的监控和管理；而 "JUNOS Cookbook™" 则是Juniper网络设备上的IPv6操作指南。此外，O'Reilly出版社的网站oreilly.com是获取O'Reilly图书、新闻、活动、文章、博客、样本章节和代码示例的重要资源库。对于开发者来说，oreillynet.com则是一个聚焦于开源和新兴技术的门户，涵盖了新平台、编程语言和操作系统等领域的最新动态。 O'Reilly还定期举办各类会议，汇集创新者共同推动行业变革，通过文档化最新的工具和系统，将创新者的知识转化为实用技能，帮助一线技术人员提升能力。Safari Bookshelf是在线程序员和IT专业人员的首选参考库，它提供了超过1000本书籍的搜索功能，用户可以快速找到解决紧迫问题的答案。阅读"IPv6 Essentials" 不仅能增进对下一代互联网的理解，还能跟上不断发展的技术潮流，并且通过丰富的资源库和持续的学习机会，助力读者在IPv6领域取得专业成长。

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

xiv

Preface

This book’s web site lists errata, examples, or any additional information. You can

access this page at:

http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/ipv6ess2

To comment or ask technical questions about this book, send email to:

bookquestions@oreilly.com

For more information about books, conferences, Resource Centers, and the O’Reilly

Network, see the O’Reilly web site at:

http://www.oreilly.com/

Acknowledgments

There are many people all over the world who have contributed to this book. With-

out their help and input, it would not be what it is. Big thanks go to Stefan Marzohl,

who is a Cisco- and Nortel-certified instructor and the author of Chapter 8. He wrote

the chapter for the first edition and made all the updates and additions for the sec-

ond edition. Many thanks go out to Anja Spittler (Maggy). She spent hours, days,

and weeks in our lab setting up SuSE Linux, getting BIND and other services to

work, and writing parts of Chapters 9 and 12 in the first edition. I also want to thank

the technical editors, who have made this book much better with their invaluable

comments, corrections, and clarifications. They were great resources when I was

struggling with a topic and needed some answers. The technical reviewers of the first

edition were Patrick Grossetete, who works as a product manager for the Internet

Technology Division (ITD) at Cisco, and Neil Cashell, who is a great TCP/IP guy at

Novell. Thanks also to Brian McGehee, who has been working with IPv6 for many

years and has written numerous courses for IPv6. He did the final technical edits of

the first edition and added a lot of useful information. I’d like to thank Cisco Swit-

zerland, especially René Räber, both for providing an updated router and access to

their technical resources as well as for his continuing support of my work for IPv6.

Thanks to the guys at SuSE for providing software and supporting us in getting our

SuSE host ready for IPv6, Microsoft for providing software and information about

their implementations, Network General for providing Sniffer Pro Software for the

trace files, Bob Fink for running the 6Bone web site, Cricket Liu for answering my

DNS questions, and Peter Bieringer for running a great Internet resource site and for

answering my questions with lightning speed.

There were many additional supporters, writers, and reviewers for the second edi-

tion. They include: Jim Bound from HP, CTO of the IPv6 Forum and Chair of the

NAv6TF; Latif Ladid, President of the IPv6 Forum; Tim Chown, Department of

Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton; and Vijayab-

haskar from McAfee. Yurie Rich, John Spence, and Mike Owen from Native6 Inc. in

Seattle have provided substantial input into Chapters 1, 5, 6, and 10. Gene Cronk

from the Robin Shepherd Group has given substantial input into Chapters 5 and 10,

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

Preface

and John Jason Brzozowski, North American IPv6 Task Force and Chair of the Mid-

Atlantic IPv6 Task Force, contributed great input into Chapters 1 and 9. Thanks to

David B. Green from SRI International for the permission to quote his Enterprise

Security Model presentation in Chapter 5 and for reviewing different parts of the

book. Thanks to Merike Kaeo, Chief Network Security Architect at Double Shot

Security, for all her inputs and comments to Chapter 5. And thanks to Chris Engdahl

from Microsoft for his review of Chapter 10. Thanks to Jimmy Ott from Sunny Con-

nection for researching and writing all updates for Chapter 12. David Malone, author

of the companion book IPv6 Network Administration, reviewed the whole book—

thank you, David, for your great and clarifying comments. A great thank you goes

out to all the people who were ready to share their experience with us and have pro-

vided case studies. They are Paolo Vieira from the University of Porto, Pierre David

from the University of Strasbourg, Cody Christman from NTT Communications,

and Flavio Curti and Ueli Heuer from Cyberlink AG in Zurich. Wolfgang Fritsche

from IABG Germany and Karim El-Malki from Ericsson AB in Stockholm reviewed

and provided input on Chapter 11 about Mobility. Thanks to the people at Check-

point for providing information and connections, especially Patrik Honegger and

Yoni Appel; and thanks also to Jean-Marc Uzé at Juniper for his information and

connections. I also want to thank all the people and developers in the international

working groups. Without their visionary power, enthusiasm, and tireless work, we

would not have IPv6 ready.

A special thank you goes to Jim Sumser, Mike Loukides, and Tatiana Apandi at

O’Reilly. Jim Sumser guided me through the whole writing process of the first edi-

tion with a lot of enthusiasm, patience, and experience. Thank you, Jim, for being

there, and thank you for never hassling me when I was already struggling. You made

a difference! Mike and Tatiana, with whom I worked on the second edition, have

also been very supportive throughout the whole process. I also want to thank all the

other folks at O’Reilly who contributed to this book, especially Tim O’Reilly for

making it possible in the first place.

Another very special thank you goes to Hanspeter Bütler, who was my teacher back

in school, for teaching me the beauty of the ancient Greek language. His insightful

and sensitive way of guiding me into understanding and feeling the richness of old

languages laid the foundation for my understanding of language in general, of differ-

ent cultures and how the differences in viewing the world are expressed in language.

I can probably make him partially responsible for my becoming an author. Language

is made to communicate, and the more precisely we use our language, the better we

can understand and be understood. Without communication, there can be no under-

standing. On a different level, TCP/IP is the protocol that enables communication in

the network and therefore creates the foundation for Internet communication. And

the Internet creates the physical foundation for global communication. It offers a

great opportunity to communicate, share, and understand globally across all cul-

tures. That is how we should be using it.

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

Chapter 1

CHAPTER 1

Why IPv6?1

The IP version currently used in networks and the Internet is IP Version 4 (IPv4).

IPv4 was developed in the early ’70s to facilitate communication and information

sharing between government researchers and academics in the United States. At the

time, the system was closed with a limited number of access points, and conse-

quently the developers didn’t envision requirements such as security or quality of

service. To its credit, IPv4 has survived for over 30 years and has been an integral

part of the Internet revolution. But even the most cleverly designed systems age and

eventually become obsolete. This is certainly the case for IPv4. Today’s networking

requirements extend far beyond support for web pages and email. Explosive growth

in network device diversity and mobile communications, along with global adoption

of networking technologies, are overwhelming IPv4 and have driven the develop-

ment of a next-generation Internet Protocol.

IPv6 has been developed based on the rich experience we have from developing and

using IPv4. Proven and established mechanisms have been retained, known limita-

tions have been discarded, and scalability and flexibility have been extended. IPv6 is

a protocol designed to handle the growth rate of the Internet and to cope with the

demanding requirements on services, mobility, and end-to-end security.

When the Internet was switched from using Network Control Protocol (NCP) to

Internet Protocol (IP) in one day in 1983, IP was not the mature protocol that we

know today. Many of the well-known and commonly used extensions were devel-

oped in subsequent years to meet the growing requirements of the Internet. In com-

parison, hardware vendors and operating system providers have been supporting

IPv6 since 1995 when it became a Draft Standard. In the decade since then, those

implementations have matured, and IPv6 support has spread beyond the basic net-

work infrastructure and will continue to be extended.

There is certainly a need for caution when considering adoption of IPv6—there is

still work to be done to reach parity with the maturity of IPv4 (refer to Chapter 10

for more details). The missing pieces of IPv6 will be developed in the coming years,

just the way it happened with IPv4. And many enterprises are not finding enough

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

Chapter 1: Why IPv6?

reasons to adopt it right now. However, it is very important for organizations to pay

attention to the introduction of IPv6 because its use is inevitable in the long term. If

IPv6 is included in strategic planning; if organizations think about possible integra-

tion scenarios ahead of time; and if its introduction is considered when investing in

IT capital expenditures, organizations can save considerable cost and can enable

IPv6 more efficiently when it is needed.

An interesting and humorous overview of the history of the Internet can be found in

RFC 2235, “Hobbes’ Internet Timeline.” The account starts in 1957 with the launch

of Sputnik in Russia and the formation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency

(ARPA) by the Department of Defense (DoD) in the United States. The RFC con-

tains a list of yearly growth rate of hosts, networks, and domain registrations in the

Internet.

Some excerpts from the RFC:

• 1969: Steve Crocker makes the first Request for Comment (RFC 1): “Host

Software.”

• 1970: ARPANET hosts start using Network Control Protocol (NCP).

• 1971: 23 hosts connect with ARPANET (UCLA, SRI, UCSB, University of Utah,

BBN, MIT, RAND, SDC, Harvard, Lincoln Lab, Stanford, UIU(C), CWRU,

CMU, NASA/Ames).

• 1972: InterNetworking Working Group (INWG) is created with Vinton Cerf as

Chairman to address the need for establishing agreed-upon protocols. Telnet

specification (RFC 318) is published.

• 1973: First international connections to the ARPANET are made at the Univer-

sity College of London (England) and Royal Radar Establishment (Norway). Bob

Metcalfe’s Harvard Ph.D. thesis outlines the idea for Ethernet. File transfer spec-

ification (RFC 454) is published.

• 1976: Queen Elizabeth II sends an email.

• 1981: Minitel (Teletel) is deployed across France by France Telecom.

• 1983: The cutover from NCP to TCP/IP happens on January 1.

• 1984: The number of hosts breaks 1,000.

• 1987: An email link is established between Germany and China using CSNET

protocols, with the first message from China sent on September 20. The thou-

sandth RFC is published. The number of hosts breaks 10,000.

• 1988: An Internet worm burrows through the Net, affecting 10 percent of the

60,000 hosts on the Internet.

• 1989: The number of hosts breaks 100,000. Clifford Stoll writes Cuckoo’s Egg,

which tells the real-life tale of a German cracker group that infiltrated numerous

U.S. facilities.

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