DirectX 11 游戏编程初学者指南

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"DirectX 11 编程入门" DirectX是微软开发的一套应用程序接口（API），主要用于处理游戏和图形密集型应用的多媒体任务，包括图像渲染、音频处理等。DirectX 11是该系列的一个版本，发布于2009年，带来了许多性能提升和新特性，为游戏开发者提供了更强大的工具来创建逼真的3D场景和高效的图形处理。在DirectX 11中，有以下几个关键的知识点： 1. **Direct3D 11**：Direct3D是DirectX中的核心组件，专注于3D图形处理。Direct3D 11引入了新的特性如多线程支持、纹理采样状态对象、深度缓冲和模板缓冲分离、增强的着色器模型5.0等，这些改进提高了渲染效率和图像质量。 2. **Shader Model 5.0**：这是Direct3D 11引入的着色器模型，允许开发者编写更复杂的顶点、像素、几何和 hull/domain 着色器，以实现更精细的图形效果和物理模拟。 3. **Compute Shader**：新增的Compute Shader扩展了DirectX的功能，允许开发者利用GPU进行通用计算，不仅限于图形处理，这对于游戏中的物理模拟、AI运算和其他计算密集型任务非常有用。 4. **Tessellation**：细分技术是Direct3D 11的一大亮点，通过Hull和Domain着色器实现表面的细节增强，可以在不增加多边形数量的情况下提高模型的细节度，节省显存并提升渲染效率。 5. **Multithreading**：DirectX 11对多线程的支持显著提升了性能，开发者可以更有效地利用多核CPU，将不同任务分配到不同的线程上，减少渲染延迟。 6. **Resource Bindings**：DirectX 11改进了资源绑定机制，减少了在GPU和内存之间传输数据的时间，提高了工作效率。 7. ** DXGI (DirectX Graphics Infrastructure)**：DXGI是DirectX 11中负责硬件抽象层的组件，它提供了更高效、灵活的窗口管理和设备交换链管理。 8. **ID3D11Device 和 ID3D11DeviceContext**：这两个接口是Direct3D 11的主要接口，ID3D11Device用于创建设备和资源，而ID3D11DeviceContext则处理设备的渲染状态和命令。 9. **Feature Levels**：DirectX 11支持多种特性级别，使得开发者可以针对不同级别的硬件进行优化，确保游戏能在广泛的不同设备上运行。 10. **Multisampling**：多采样抗锯齿是Direct3D 11中的一个高级特性，可以提高图像质量，减少渲染过程中产生的锯齿现象。学习DirectX 11编程，意味着你需要掌握C++编程语言，理解3D图形学的基本概念，以及如何使用Direct3D API来创建和管理图形资源，设置渲染状态，以及调度和执行各种着色器。通过《Beginning DirectX 11 Game Programming》这样的书籍，读者可以从基础开始逐步深入，理解并掌握DirectX 11的使用，为游戏开发或其他图形应用打下坚实的基础。

hardware, and a powerful API that was being hyped by one of the most

influential software giants in the world.

The most apparent removal in Direct3D 10 was the fixed-function pipeline,

which is essentially a set of rendering states and algorithms built into the API

that allowed for the rendering of objects using common effects. The fixed-

function pipeline was removed in favor of programmable shaders within

graphics hardware. Graphics shaders, which will be discussed throughout this

book, are code written specifically to customize how the graphics hardware

processes geometry. Graphics shaders were first introduced in DirectX 8, but

since then graphics hardware and the Shader Models that they run have evolved

to a point where they have become the star of the API.

In Direct3D 9 we can render geometry, enable lighting by setting a few

properties and rendering states, have the API transform our geometry, and so

forth by calling a few Direct3D function calls. In Direct3D 10 we can do all of

that ourselves and much more in shaders. The key thing for beginners to keep in

mind if this is their first time learning graphics programming is that the fixed-

function pipeline was limited to whatever was built into the API, whereas

shaders allow us to create any effect, limited only by the frame-rate we deem

desirable in our games . Want lighting? Call a Direct3D function to enable it and

set its properties (up to eight lights). Want to render surfaces with more than

one image? Just enable it. If, however, you wish to perform pixel-based motion

blur and depth-of-field, you are out of luck using the fixed-function pipeline.

Often if the fixed-function pipeline does not explicitly support it and you are not

using shaders, you cannot create the effect you want. Although some coders

have found tricks and workarounds to getting some effects created without

shaders, it was often a very difficult and inefficient workaround. I remember

these times well and do not miss them.

Today, if we want to perform bump mapping, we can write a pixel shader that

takes the light direction, performs a calculation using it and the pixel-level

surface direction loaded from a special image known as a normal map, and

combine that with the shading of the final pixel’s color. In the days before

shaders, or even when shaders were limited in the features they provided (such

as the dark ages of register combiners for early versions of OpenGL), this was

impossible, and doing even simple effects like normal mapping back then was

What Is DirectX? 3

DirectX 11 versus OpenGL 4.0

OpenGL has long been considered a rival graphics API to Direct3D. OpenGL

supports platforms outside of Windows-based operating systems, such as Mac

computers, Linux OSs, Apple’s iPhone and iPad, Sony’s Playstation 3 (an

implementation at least), and a variety of mobile devices such as cell phones

and PDAs, along with other platforms. Although the native device creation of

OpenGL can differ from one platform to another, the rest of the API is

considered platform independent, not including the long history of hardware-

specific extensions and feature s from competing entities within the OpenGL

camp. DirectX, on the other hand, is available on the various Windows OSs and

the Xbox game consoles. To be considered DirectX 10 or 11 compatible,

hardware must adhere to a strict compatibility list, whereas prior to DirectX

10 this was not always the case. In the case of OpenGL this often led to vendor-

specific extensions that worked on limited hardware. Incompatibilities within

the hardware market caused rework when trying to achieve the same result on

all supported devices.

The whole Direct3D versus OpenGL debate can often seem like a religious one,

but the fact is that for many years OpenGL has lagged behind Direct3D.

Microsoft has done a great job evolving Direct3D and improving it throughout

the years, but OpenGL has only lagged behind, not keeping its promises as each

new version is released, and time and time again has suffered from the same

problems of yesteryear. When OpenGL 3.0 was first announced, it was thought

that OpenGL would finally move back into a position to rival Direct3D.

Unfortunately, the world of OpenGL has gone through its share of ups and

downs, both within the group behind it and with how the API stacked against

Direct3D, and Direct3D has continued to dominate.

OpenGL 4.0 catches up to many of the publicized features of DirectX 11, most

notably through the support of general-purpose computing using OpenCL and

tessellation, and is positioning itself to be a step closer to the promises that were

never delivered in the past, most notably with OpenGL 2.0 and OpenGL 3.0.

Although OpenGL is not out of the race yet, it unfortunately needs a lot of work

to not only truly rival DirectX but also to win back the hearts and minds of

many of us who turned to Direct3D once OpenGL’s faults became too

numerous. Even if the API catches up, the graphics API race is a lot like high

school where the popular kid wins the election.

What Is DirectX? 5

Why Is DirectX Needed?

Before the release of the Windows operating system, developers were writing

games for DOS. This single-threaded, non-GUI operating system provided

developers with a direct path between their application code and the hardware

it was running on. This had both its advantages and problems. For instance,

because there was a direct path between the game code and the hardware,

developers could pull every ounce of power out of the machine, giving them

complete control over how their game performed. The downside included the

need to either write directly to the hardware or use a variety of third-party

libraries for any hardware they wanted their game title to support, including

even common hardware such as video and sound cards.

Video cards were especially confusing because not all video cards followed the

same standard. Even though most video cards supported a series of common

resolutions, developers were forced to access video memory directly. This made

even drawing to the screen difficult. Developers were definitely looking for a

better and easier way.

When Windows 3.1 was released, it carried with it the same limitations that

DOS had. Since Windows ran on top of DOS, it severely limited the resources

available to games and took away the direct access developers had enjoyed for so

long. Most games written to support Windows at the time consisted mainly of

card and board games, while most games continued to support DOS only.

Microsoft released DX1 as a way of enticing developers to make games for

Windows to prove that the OS wasn’t slow and move people away from DOS-

based systems.

Microsoft’s release of Windows 95 didn’t eliminate any of these problems until

the release of DirectX 1, also known as the Windows Games SDK. It gave

developers a single library to write to, placing a common layer between their

game and the PC hardware; drawing graphics to the screen had just become a

whole lot easier. The first version of DirectX still didn ’t provide support for all

the hardware out there, but it was a great starting point in giving game

developers what they had been waiting for. Over the years, there have been

multiple releases of DirectX, each one improving and adding support for new

technologies such as network play, streaming audio, and new kinds of input

6 Chapter 1

The What, Why, and How of DirectX

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