DirectX 11 游戏编程入门指南：Wendy Jones 解析实战教程

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《DirectX 11游戏编程入门：基础教程》由美国作者Wendy Jones所著，是专为初学者设计的一本深入浅出的教材，属于Cengage Learning出版的CourseTechnology PTR系列。本书旨在引导读者探索DirectX 11（DX11），这是一种广泛应用于高质量3D图形渲染和游戏开发的图形接口技术。在本书中，Allen Sherrod与Wendy Jones共同合作，将理论与实践相结合，通过丰富的案例和实例，帮助读者理解DirectX 11的核心概念，如顶点着色器、几何变换、纹理处理、光照模型、阴影和反射等。它适合那些对游戏开发感兴趣，尤其是想要利用最新图形技术提升游戏性能的程序员。书中涵盖了DX11编程的基础知识，包括设置开发环境、使用Direct3D API进行编程、优化图形性能以及利用DXGI、D3D11设备对象和管线系统。此外，还介绍了如何处理多线程、内存管理以及与硬件交互的最佳实践。对于学习者来说，书中提供的不仅仅是技术指导，还包括了版本控制、调试技巧和团队协作等软件工程方面的知识，以确保项目顺利进行。此外，作者在每个章节后都提供了习题和练习，帮助读者巩固所学，并逐步提升实际操作能力。版权信息方面，本书受版权保护，未经许可，不得以任何形式复制、传播或存储。封面设计由Mike Tanamachi负责，内部布局技术由MPS Limited完成，而Valerie Haynes Perry担任索引工作，Gene Redding则负责校对，确保内容准确无误。《 Beginning DirectX 11 Game Programming》是一本全面且实用的指南，对于希望进入游戏开发领域，特别是追求高画质效果的开发者来说，是不可或缺的学习资源。无论你是经验丰富的专业人员还是初出茅庐的入门者，都能从中受益匪浅。

hardware, and a powerful API that was being hyped by one of the most

influential software giants in the world.

The most apparent removal in Direct3D 10 was the fixed-function pipeline,

which is essentially a set of rendering states and algorithms built into the API

that allowed for the rendering of objects using common effects. The fixed-

function pipeline was removed in favor of programmable shaders within

graphics hardware. Graphics shaders, which will be discussed throughout this

book, are code written specifically to customize how the graphics hardware

processes geometry. Graphics shaders were first introduced in DirectX 8, but

since then graphics hardware and the Shader Models that they run have evolved

to a point where they have become the star of the API.

In Direct3D 9 we can render geometry, enable lighting by setting a few

properties and rendering states, have the API transform our geometry, and so

forth by calling a few Direct3D function calls. In Direct3D 10 we can do all of

that ourselves and much more in shaders. The key thing for beginners to keep in

mind if this is their first time learning graphics programming is that the fixed-

function pipeline was limited to whatever was built into the API, whereas

shaders allow us to create any effect, limited only by the frame-rate we deem

desirable in our games . Want lighting? Call a Direct3D function to enable it and

set its properties (up to eight lights). Want to render surfaces with more than

one image? Just enable it. If, however, you wish to perform pixel-based motion

blur and depth-of-field, you are out of luck using the fixed-function pipeline.

Often if the fixed-function pipeline does not explicitly support it and you are not

using shaders, you cannot create the effect you want. Although some coders

have found tricks and workarounds to getting some effects created without

shaders, it was often a very difficult and inefficient workaround. I remember

these times well and do not miss them.

Today, if we want to perform bump mapping, we can write a pixel shader that

takes the light direction, performs a calculation using it and the pixel-level

surface direction loaded from a special image known as a normal map, and

combine that with the shading of the final pixel’s color. In the days before

shaders, or even when shaders were limited in the features they provided (such

as the dark ages of register combiners for early versions of OpenGL), this was

impossible, and doing even simple effects like normal mapping back then was

What Is DirectX? 3

DirectX 11 versus OpenGL 4.0

OpenGL has long been considered a rival graphics API to Direct3D. OpenGL

supports platforms outside of Windows-based operating systems, such as Mac

computers, Linux OSs, Apple’s iPhone and iPad, Sony’s Playstation 3 (an

implementation at least), and a variety of mobile devices such as cell phones

and PDAs, along with other platforms. Although the native device creation of

OpenGL can differ from one platform to another, the rest of the API is

considered platform independent, not including the long history of hardware-

specific extensions and feature s from competing entities within the OpenGL

camp. DirectX, on the other hand, is available on the various Windows OSs and

the Xbox game consoles. To be considered DirectX 10 or 11 compatible,

hardware must adhere to a strict compatibility list, whereas prior to DirectX

10 this was not always the case. In the case of OpenGL this often led to vendor-

specific extensions that worked on limited hardware. Incompatibilities within

the hardware market caused rework when trying to achieve the same result on

all supported devices.

The whole Direct3D versus OpenGL debate can often seem like a religious one,

but the fact is that for many years OpenGL has lagged behind Direct3D.

Microsoft has done a great job evolving Direct3D and improving it throughout

the years, but OpenGL has only lagged behind, not keeping its promises as each

new version is released, and time and time again has suffered from the same

problems of yesteryear. When OpenGL 3.0 was first announced, it was thought

that OpenGL would finally move back into a position to rival Direct3D.

Unfortunately, the world of OpenGL has gone through its share of ups and

downs, both within the group behind it and with how the API stacked against

Direct3D, and Direct3D has continued to dominate.

OpenGL 4.0 catches up to many of the publicized features of DirectX 11, most

notably through the support of general-purpose computing using OpenCL and

tessellation, and is positioning itself to be a step closer to the promises that were

never delivered in the past, most notably with OpenGL 2.0 and OpenGL 3.0.

Although OpenGL is not out of the race yet, it unfortunately needs a lot of work

to not only truly rival DirectX but also to win back the hearts and minds of

many of us who turned to Direct3D once OpenGL’s faults became too

numerous. Even if the API catches up, the graphics API race is a lot like high

school where the popular kid wins the election.

What Is DirectX? 5

Why Is DirectX Needed?

Before the release of the Windows operating system, developers were writing

games for DOS. This single-threaded, non-GUI operating system provided

developers with a direct path between their application code and the hardware

it was running on. This had both its advantages and problems. For instance,

because there was a direct path between the game code and the hardware,

developers could pull every ounce of power out of the machine, giving them

complete control over how their game performed. The downside included the

need to either write directly to the hardware or use a variety of third-party

libraries for any hardware they wanted their game title to support, including

even common hardware such as video and sound cards.

Video cards were especially confusing because not all video cards followed the

same standard. Even though most video cards supported a series of common

resolutions, developers were forced to access video memory directly. This made

even drawing to the screen difficult. Developers were definitely looking for a

better and easier way.

When Windows 3.1 was released, it carried with it the same limitations that

DOS had. Since Windows ran on top of DOS, it severely limited the resources

available to games and took away the direct access developers had enjoyed for so

long. Most games written to support Windows at the time consisted mainly of

card and board games, while most games continued to support DOS only.

Microsoft released DX1 as a way of enticing developers to make games for

Windows to prove that the OS wasn’t slow and move people away from DOS-

based systems.

Microsoft’s release of Windows 95 didn’t eliminate any of these problems until

the release of DirectX 1, also known as the Windows Games SDK. It gave

developers a single library to write to, placing a common layer between their

game and the PC hardware; drawing graphics to the screen had just become a

whole lot easier. The first version of DirectX still didn ’t provide support for all

the hardware out there, but it was a great starting point in giving game

developers what they had been waiting for. Over the years, there have been

multiple releases of DirectX, each one improving and adding support for new

technologies such as network play, streaming audio, and new kinds of input

6 Chapter 1

The What, Why, and How of DirectX

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DirectX 11 游戏编程入门指南：Wendy Jones 解析实战教程

[DirectX.11游戏编程入门].Beginning.DirectX.11.Game.Programming

DirectX.11游戏编程入门（含示例代码）（英文版）

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假如你是一个高级python工程师，在/user/wendy文件夹下可能有w_0_1.xml w_0_2.xml ss.xml。代码如何实现获取该路径下包含w_0_1.xml w_0_2.xml的文本路径

已知列表：age_list = [('James',32), ('Alies',20), ('Wendy',25)] 该列表表示出了James、Alies、Wendy的年龄，请编写程序，按照年龄从大到小的顺序进行列表重排。

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