时间对问题解决与课堂行为的影响

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"这篇论文探讨了时间对问题解决和课堂行为的影响,主要研究对象是非药物治疗的注意力缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)学生。由罗伯特·扎加尔和诺曼·D·鲍尔斯在西北大学进行的研究,通过观察和一系列认知测试,如斯托尼布鲁克观察代码、斯阔鲁普色彩词测试、匹配熟悉图形、波特克斯迷宫和数字记忆广度测试,来分析学生在一天中不同时间段的表现。研究发现,除了数字记忆广度任务外,大多数学生在早晨的表现优于下午。在课堂行为方面,所有学生的行为表现存在波动。" 该研究的主要知识点包括: 1. 时间与认知能力的关系:研究表明,对于有注意力缺陷多动障碍的非药物治疗学生来说,他们在早晨解决问题的能力通常比下午更强。这可能与生物钟、大脑清醒程度和注意力集中有关。 2. 课堂行为的波动性:无论是在早上还是下午,学生的课堂行为都会有所变化。这可能是因为疲劳、注意力分散或其他环境因素的影响,提示教师需要灵活调整教学策略以适应学生在不同时间段的行为模式。 3. 认知测试的应用:为了评估学生的认知功能,研究使用了一系列标准化测试,如斯阔鲁普色彩词测试(用于测量注意力控制)、匹配熟悉图形(评估视觉空间处理和工作记忆)、波特克斯迷宫(测试解决问题和空间导航能力),以及数字记忆广度测试(考察短期记忆和注意力)。这些工具在评估学生学习能力时具有科学性和实用性。 4. 数据分析方法:研究人员采用了重复测量的多变量方差分析(MANOVA),随后进行了单变量分析和相关性分析,以深入理解时间与学生表现之间的关系。这种方法允许他们从多个角度探索数据,找出显著的差异和关联。 5. 教育实践的启示:该研究结果对于教育工作者有重要启示,意味着教学计划应该考虑学生在一天中的认知状态变化。例如,可能将更需要专注和深度思考的任务安排在早上,而在下午则更适合进行相对轻松或实践活动。 6. ADHD学生的特点:尽管这项研究关注的是非药物治疗的ADHD学生,但其发现可能对理解ADHD群体的一般行为模式有帮助。这提示在制定干预措施和教育策略时,应考虑到这些学生的时间依赖性认知差异。 这篇论文强调了时间对认知表现和行为的影响,并提供了教育者可以借鉴的策略,以优化教学效果,特别是对于有特殊需求的学生群体。

Robert is a famous engineer. One day he was given a task by his boss. The background of the task was the following: Given a map consisting of square blocks. There were three kinds of blocks: Wall, Grass, and Empty. His boss wanted to place as many robots as possible in the map. Each robot held a laser weapon which could shoot to four directions (north, east, south, west) simultaneously. A robot had to stay at the block where it was initially placed all the time and to keep firing all the time. The laser beams certainly could pass the grid of Grass, but could not pass the grid of Wall. A robot could only be placed in an Empty block. Surely the boss would not want to see one robot hurting another. In other words, two robots must not be placed in one line (horizontally or vertically) unless there is a Wall between them. Now that you are such a smart programmer and one of Robert's best friends, He is asking you to help him solving this problem. That is, given the description of a map, compute the maximum number of robots that can be placed in the map. Input The first line contains an integer T (<= 11) which is the number of test cases. For each test case, the first line contains two integers m and n (1<= m, n <=50) which are the row and column sizes of the map. Then m lines follow, each contains n characters of '#', '', or 'o' which represent Wall, Grass, and Empty, respectively. Output For each test case, first output the case number in one line, in the format: "Case :id" where id is the test case number, counting from 1. In the second line just output the maximum number of robots that can be placed in that map.

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