API SPEC 14A-2015：2016年井下安全阀设备规格

井下安全阀

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API SPEC 14A-2015，全称为"2015年井下安全阀设备规范",是美国石油学会（American Petroleum Institute, API）发布的第十二版标准，该版本于2015年1月发布，生效日期为2016年1月15日，并在同年7月进行了修订。此标准专门针对井下安全阀系统设计、制造和安装的详细规定，旨在确保井下作业中的设备安全性和可靠性。井下安全阀是石油和天然气开采过程中至关重要的设备，其主要作用是在发生压力失控时自动关闭，防止井内流体泄漏，从而避免环境破坏和人员伤亡。API SPEC 14A对阀门的材料选择、结构设计、功能测试、操作要求、维护程序等进行了详尽的规定，涵盖了阀门的设计寿命、压力等级、密封性能、紧急关闭能力、以及与井下作业环境的兼容性等方面。特别值得注意的是，API强调本规范并不涵盖特定的当地、州或联邦法律和法规，用户在实际应用中应确保符合各自地区的法规要求。API及其员工、顾问、委员会或其他代理人在提供信息时，不对其准确性、完整性或实用性做出任何形式的保证，也不承担因使用本规范导致的任何后果或侵权风险。使用者可以自由使用该规范，但API不对数据的精确性和可靠性做出任何担保，用户需自行评估并承担可能的风险。此外，API鼓励持续的更新和改进，以适应不断变化的技术和安全需求。因此，2015年7月的errata可能包含了对先前标准的修正和补充内容，使用者在使用时应查阅最新的修订版，以确保遵循最严格的行业标准。 API SPEC 14A-2015是石油行业内的一个重要参考标准，它提供了井下安全阀设计和操作的指导原则，对于保障石油和天然气勘探开发过程中的安全具有重要意义。在实施过程中，除了遵守规范，还需要结合当地的法律法规和现场实际情况进行灵活运用。

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8 API SPECIFICATION 14A

NOTE Secondary tools may include communication tools, exercise tools, permanent lock open, temporary lock open,

and accessory tools.

3.1.34

size

Relevant dimensional characteristics of the equipment as defined by the supplier/manufacturer.

3.1.35

sour service

Exposure to oilfield environments that contain H

S and can cause cracking of materials by the mechanisms

addressed in ANSI/NACE MR0175.

NOTE Adapted from ANSI/NACE MR0175-1.

3.1.36

special feature

Specific component or subassembly that provides a functional capability that is not validated during the

validation test conducted in accordance with Table 1.

NOTE Special features may include items such as ambient chambers, fluid charged chambers, equalization flow, lock

open, exercise, communication devices, mechanisms that ensure fail safe activation, control fluid redirection features, or

electronic sensing and control. This list of special features is not fully inclusive.

3.1.37

stress corrosion cracking

Cracking of metal involving anodic processes of localized corrosion and tensile stress (residual and/or

applied) in the presence of water and dissolved halides and/or H

NOTE Dissolved halide salts, H

S, O

and/or other oxidants, and elevated temperature increase the susceptibility of

metals to this mechanism of attack.

3.1.38

stress cracking

Stress corrosion cracking, or sulfide stress cracking, or both.

3.1.39

stress relief

Controlled heating of material to a predetermined temperature for the purpose of reducing any residual

stresses.

3.1.40

subassembly

Subordinate unit consisting of two or more components assembled for incorporation as an integral portion of a

product that may be independently performance tested before its integration.

3.1.41

substantive design change

Change to the design, identified by the supplier/manufacturer, that affects the performance of the product in the

intended service condition.

3.1.42

subsurface-controlled subsurface safety valve

SSCSV

SSSV actuated by the characteristics of the well.

NOTE These devices are usually actuated by the differential pressure through the SSCSV (velocity-type) or by tubing

pressure at the SSCSV.

SUBSURFACE SAFETY VALVE EQUIPMENT 9

3.1.43

subsurface injection safety valve

SSISV

SSSV that is opened by injected flow and used to prevent backflow.

NOTE These devices are usually actuated by the differential pressure through the subsurface injection safety valve

(SSISV) (velocity-type) or by tubing pressure at the SSISV (tubing-pressure-type).

3.1.44

subsurface safety valve

SSSV

Device whose design function is to prevent uncontrolled well flow when closed.

NOTE SSSVs can be installed and retrieved by wireline or pump-down methods (wireline-retrievable) or be an integral

part of the tubing string (tubing-retrievable).

3.1.45

subsurface safety valve equipment

Subsurface safety valve and all components that establish tolerances and/or clearances that can affect its

performance or interchangeability.

3.1.46

sulfide stress cracking

Cracking of metal involving corrosion and tensile stress (residual and/or applied) in the presence of water and

NOTE SSC is a form of hydrogen stress cracking and involves embrittlement of the metal by atomic hydrogen that is

produced by acid corrosion on the metal surface. Hydrogen uptake is promoted in the presence of sulfides. The atomic

hydrogen can diffuse into the metal, reduce ductility, and increase susceptibility to cracking. High strength metallic

materials and hard weld zones are prone to SSC.

[ANSI/NACE MR0175-1]

3.1.47

surface-controlled subsurface safety valve

SCSSV

SSSV controlled from the surface by hydraulic, electrical, mechanical, or other means.

3.1.48

test agency

Organization that provides a test facility and administers a test program that meets the validation test

requirements of Annex B in this specification.

3.1.49

test section

Test apparatus that contains the SSSV and provides for connection to a test facility’s validation test

apparatus.

3.1.50

type

SSSV equipment with unique characteristics that differentiate it from other functionally similar SSSV

equipment.

NOTE See 4.3 for various types of SSSV.

3.1.51

validation test

Test performed to qualify a particular size, type, and model of equipment for a specific validation grade.

SUBSURFACE SAFETY VALVE EQUIPMENT 11

b) specified loads and characteristics including temporary test conditions, possible cyclical loading conditions

and changes to those parameters over the operating life, thermal gradients, external loadings, etc.;

NOTE SSSVs under standard operating conditions have very low load cycles over their operational life. For

information on the investigation of load cycling, see ASME BPVC Section VIII, Division 3, Article KD-3 or Article KD-4.

c) operating life requirements;

d) applicable industry standards and/or regulatory requirements;

e) possible combinations of various well design criteria (these may be in the form of a desired operating

envelope for the product).

NOTE Guidance on developing a functional specification may be found in ISO 13879.

4.3 SSSV Functional Characteristics

The SSSV functional characteristics shall include the following when applicable:

a) type of SSSV control (e.g. surface-controlled, subsurface-controlled, injection-controlled);

b) type of SSSV retrieval (e.g. tubing-retrievable, wireline-retrievable, coil-tubing-retrievable, through-

flowline-retrievable, etc.);

c) type of SSSV closing mechanism (e.g. ball, flapper, etc.);

d) internal self-equalizing capability;

e) temporary or permanent lock-open system;

f) control fluid communication from the surface-controlled subsurface safety valve (SCSSV) to any other

subsurface device (e.g. an insert SSSV);

g) pump-through capability;

h) any redundant/independent backup operating systems.

4.4 Well Parameters

The following characteristics shall be specified as applicable:

a) well location (land, platform, subsea);

b) size, mass, grade, and material of the casing and tubing;

c) water depth, setting depth (maximum required for application), and control system parameters [control

fluid type/properties, supply pressure, supply line(s), and connection rating(s), etc.];

d) casing and/or tubing architecture, trajectory, deviations, maximum dog leg severity;

e) restrictions through which the SSSV shall pass and restrictions/profiles through which the SSSV service

tools/accessories shall pass;

f) requirements for passage of additional lines (electrical, hydraulic), between the valve outer diameter (OD)

and the casing inner diameter (ID);

g) annulus fluid gradient;

12 API

PECIFICATION

14A

h) well type—injector and/or producer.

4.5 Operational Parameters

Required Parameters

4.5.1

The following operational parameters shall be specified for the SSSV:

a) rated working pressure (RWP),

b) rated temperature range.

In addition to the applicable items listed above, the conditions under which the SSSV will operate (flow

conditions) and the conditions under which the valve closes (see API 14B) shall be specified, such as:

a) loading conditions, including combined loading (pressures, tension/compression, torque, bending) and the

corresponding temperature extremes anticipated to be applied to the valve;

b) at valve setting depth, the minimum and maximum values of the production/injection pressures and

temperatures at the anticipated flow rates;

c) composition of the production/injection fluid (gas/oil/water) and density of each component.

Optional Parameters

4.5.2

The following operational parameters should be specified for the SSSV if applicable:

a) control system parameters [such as actuation mechanism, control system type/properties, supply

requirements, supply line(s) and connection rating(s), closed loop feedback, etc.];

b) inclination at setting depth if any (true vertical depth, measured depth);

c) maximum allowable pressure drop at maximum production flow rate through SSSV;

d) well stimulation operations, including its parameters, such as acidizing (composition of the acid, pressure,

temperature, acid flow rate, and the exposure time), as well as any other chemicals used during the

stimulation;

e) well cementing operations, including its parameters, such as cement types and volumes, spacers, plugs,

pressure, and flow rates;

f) sand consolidation and fracturing operations, including sand/proppant description, fluid flow rate,

proppant/fluid ratio or sand/fluid ratio, chemical composition, pressure, and temperature;

g) well-servicing activities through the safety valve: size, type, and configuration of secondary tools or other

devices to be run with or through the valve;

h) injection rate range for SSISV.

4.6 Environmental Compatibility

The following shall be identified for the SSSV to ensure environmental compatibility as applicable.

a) Production/injection/annulus fluid chemical and physical composition, including solids (sand production,

scale, etc.), to which the SSSV is exposed during its full operating life.

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