Python驱动的测试开发实战：构建Web应用

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"Test-Driven Development with Python 是一本专注于使用Python进行测试驱动开发(TDD)的书籍，尤其针对Web开发，同时也涉及JavaScript。书中通过构建一个实际的网站项目，从零开始，逐步介绍TDD方法论及其在Web编程中的应用。内容涵盖了数据库集成、JavaScript基础，到高级主题如NoSQL、WebSocket和异步编程，以及浏览器自动化工具Selenium的使用。" 《Test-Driven Development with Python》这本书由Harry Percival撰写，旨在帮助读者掌握TDD的核心理念，并在Python和Web开发中实现这一方法。作者通过一个具体的实例——创建一个Web站点，详细讲解了如何运用TDD，包括如何编写测试、如何设计代码以满足测试需求，以及如何在整个开发过程中保持代码质量。书中首先介绍了测试的基础知识，包括单元测试和集成测试，以及如何使用Python的标准库unittest。接着，深入到Web开发中常见的技术，如使用Django框架构建后端，以及与数据库的集成，这通常涉及到SQL查询和ORM(Object-Relational Mapping)工具。在前端部分，书中虽然主要关注Python，但也提到了JavaScript，因为它是现代Web开发不可或缺的一部分。对于JavaScript的测试，作者可能会介绍如何使用如Jasmine或Mocha等测试框架，以及与Python后端进行交互的方式。浏览器自动化工具Selenium是本书的一个亮点，它允许开发者模拟用户行为对Web应用进行端到端测试。通过Selenium，你可以编写脚本来测试页面的动态行为，确保功能在真实环境中能够正确工作。进一步，书中的高级章节涵盖了NoSQL数据库，如MongoDB或CouchDB，以及它们在非关系型数据存储中的应用。WebSocket技术的介绍则让读者了解如何实现实时通信，如聊天应用或实时更新的仪表盘。最后，异步编程部分将探讨如何利用Python的asyncio库实现高效的并发处理，这对于高性能Web服务至关重要。此外，书中还可能讨论到代码覆盖率工具（如coverage.py）的使用，持续集成/持续部署(CI/CD)的概念，以及代码质量和可维护性的最佳实践。作者Harry Percival通过生动有趣的写作风格，使得这本书既适合初学者，也适合有一定经验的开发者提升技能。这本书得到了Python核心开发者和unittest的维护者Michael Foord，以及Python Software Foundation的Fellow Kenneth Reitz的高度评价。他们认为，无论是对Python测试、Django框架，还是现代Web开发的全面理解，这本书都是开发者必不可少的参考资料。特别是对于想要学习Selenium或者提高测试实践的人来说，这本书的价值尤为突出。

really sensible approach, a really good habit to get into—like regularly flossing your

teeth or something.

Then came my first big project, and you can guess what happened—there was a client,

there were deadlines, there was lots to do, and any good intentions about TDD went

straight out of the window.

And, actually, it was fine. I was fine.

At first.

At first I knew I didn’t really need TDD because it was a small website, and I could easily

test whether things worked by just manually checking it out. Click this link here, choose

that drop-down item there, and this should happen. Easy. This whole writing tests thing

sounded like it would have taken ages, and besides, I fancied myself, from the full height

of my three weeks of adult coding experience, as being a pretty good programmer. I

could handle it. Easy.

Then came the fearful goddess Complexity. She soon showed me the limits of my

experience.

The project grew. Parts of the system started to depend on other parts. I did my best to

follow good principles like DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself), but that just led to some pretty

dangerous territory. Soon I was playing with multiple inheritance. Class hierarchies 8

levels deep. eval statements.

I became scared of making changes to my code. I was no longer sure what depended on

what, and what might happen if I changed this code over here, oh gosh, I think that bit

over there inherits from it—no, it doesn’t, it’s overriden. Oh, but it depends on that class

variable. Right, well, as long as I override the override it should be fine. I’ll just check

—but checking was getting much harder. There were lots of sections to the site now,

and clicking through them all manually was starting to get impractical. Better to leave

well enough alone, forget refactoring, just make do.

Soon I had a hideous, ugly mess of code. New development became painful.

Not too long after this, I was lucky enough to get a job with a company called Resolver

Systems (now PythonAnywhere), where Extreme Programming (XP) was the norm.

They introduced me to rigorous TDD.

Although my previous experience had certainly opened my mind to the possible benefits

of automated testing, I still dragged my feet at every stage. “I mean, testing in general

might be a good idea, but really? All these tests? Some of them seem like a total waste

of time … What? Functional tests as well as unit tests? Come on, that’s overdoing it!

And this TDD test/minimal-code-change/test cycle? This is just silly! We don’t need all

these baby steps! Come on, we can see what the right answer is, why don’t we just skip

to the end?”

xvi | Preface

Believe me, I second-guessed every rule, I suggested every shortcut, I demanded justi‐

fications for every seemingly pointless aspect of TDD, and I came out seeing the wisdom

of it all. I’ve lost count of the number of times I’ve thought “Thanks, tests”, as a functional

test uncovers a regression we would never have predicted, or a unit test saves me from

making a really silly logic error. Psychologically, it’s made development a much less

stressful process. It produces code that’s a pleasure to work with.

So, let me tell you all about it!

Aims of This Book

My main aim is to impart a methodology—a way of doing web development, which I

think makes for better web apps and happier developers. There’s not much point in a

book that just covers material you could find by googling, so this book isn’t a guide to

Python syntax, or a tutorial on web development per se. Instead, I hope to teach you

how to use TDD to get more reliably to our shared, holy goal: clean code that works.

With that said: I will constantly refer to a real practical example, by building a web app

from scratch using tools like Django, Selenium, jQuery, and Mock. I’m not assuming

any prior knowledge of any of these, so you should come out of the other end of this

book with a decent introduction to those tools, as well as the discipline of TDD.

In Extreme Programming we always pair-program, so I’ve imagined writing this book

as if I was pairing with my previous self, having to explain how the tools work and answer

questions about why we code in this particular way. So, if I ever take a bit of a patronising

tone, it’s because I’m not all that smart, and I have to be very patient with myself. And

if I ever sound defensive, it’s because I’m the kind of annoying person that systematically

disagrees with whatever anyone else says, so sometimes it takes a lot of justifying to

convince myself of anything.

Outline

I’ve split this book into three parts.

Part I (Chapters 1–6): The basics

Dives straight into building a simple web app using TDD. We start by writing a

functional test (with Selenium), then we go through the basics of Django—models,

views, templates—with rigorous unit testing at every stage. I also introduce the

Testing Goat.

Part II (Chapters 7–14): Web development essentials

Covers some of the trickier but unavoidable aspects of web development, and shows

how testing can help us with them: static files, deployment to production, form data

validation, database migrations, and the dreaded JavaScript.

Preface | xvii

Using Code Examples

Code examples are available at https://github.com/hjwp/book-example/; you’ll find

branches for each chapter there (eg, https://github.com/hjwp/book-example/tree/chap

ter_03). You’ll also find some suggestions on ways of working with this repository at the

end of each chapter.

This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, if example code is offered

with this book, you may use it in your programs and documentation. You do not need

to contact us for permission unless you’re reproducing a significant portion of the code.

For example, writing a program that uses several chunks of code from this book does

not require permission. Selling or distributing a CD-ROM of examples from O’Reilly

books does require permission. Answering a question by citing this book and quoting

example code does not require permission. Incorporating a significant amount of ex‐

ample code from this book into your product’s documentation does require permission.

We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the title,

author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: “Test-Driven Development with Python by

If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given above,

feel free to contact us at permissions@oreilly.com.

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Preface | xix

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