苹果官方Human Interface Guidelines详解

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苹果设计规范是苹果公司官方发布的一套详细指导原则，旨在确保所有在苹果平台上开发的软件能够提供一致、优质且用户友好的体验。这份文档涵盖了UI（用户界面）设计、用户体验（UX）等多个方面，适用于iPhone、iPad、Mac等设备的应用程序设计。这份指南自1992年起不断更新，反映了苹果对于人机交互的最新理解和最佳实践。苹果设计规范的核心在于提升用户体验，强调直观性、易用性和美观性。以下是一些关键的设计原则和知识点： 1. **一致性（Consistency）**：保持设计元素和操作方式在整个系统中的一致性，使用户能快速熟悉新应用。 2. **反馈（Feedback）**：及时向用户提供操作结果，让他们了解系统的状态和进程。 3. **直接操作（DirectManipulation）**：鼓励用户直接与内容互动，而非通过抽象的命令或菜单。 4. **简化（Simplicity）**：避免复杂性，通过精简界面、减少步骤来提高效率。 5. **清晰度（Clarity）**：文字和图标应易于理解，避免使用行业术语或模糊的表述。 6. **深度（Depth）**：利用层次结构和过渡效果来展现内容之间的关系。 7. **可发现性（Discoverability）**：设计元素和功能应易于找到和理解，例如，使用标准的控制和图标。 8. **易用性（Accessibility）**：考虑不同用户的需求，确保残障人士也能无障碍地使用。 9. **触控优先（TouchFirst）**：针对触屏设备，优化手势识别和响应，如滑动、点击、捏合等。 10. **视觉设计（VisualDesign）**：遵循苹果的色彩、排版、图像和布局指南，创造优雅且和谐的界面。 11. **导航（Navigation）**：设计清晰的导航结构，帮助用户轻松在应用内移动。 12. **错误处理（ErrorHandling）**：友好地提示和纠正错误，减少用户的挫败感。 13. **性能（Performance）**：优化加载速度，确保流畅的动画和响应速度。 14. **可用性测试（UsabilityTesting）**：定期进行测试，根据用户反馈改进设计。 15. **隐私保护（Privacy）**：尊重用户隐私，明确告知数据收集和使用情况。该规范还详细介绍了各种界面元素的设计和使用，如按钮、表单、列表、标签页、切换开关等，以及如何创建有效的图标、颜色方案和字体选择。同时，它还涵盖了一些特殊场景，如通知中心、快捷操作、夜间模式等的适配。苹果设计规范是开发者和设计师在构建苹果平台应用时的重要参考，遵循这些原则可以确保产品与苹果生态系统的一致性，从而提升用户体验和产品的市场竞争力。

Figure 15-4 Toggle controls in the iCal bottom bar clearly indicate their current state 253

Figure 15-5 A capsule-style toolbar control used as a segmented control 255

Figure 15-6 Capsule-style toolbar controls in a toolbar 256

Figure 15-7 Examples of push buttons in different types of windows 259

Figure 15-8 A push button label can include an ellipsis 260

Figure 15-9 OK and Cancel buttons 261

Figure 15-10 Icon button examples 262

Figure 15-11 Example relationships of the icon, button, and hit-target dimensions in an icon

button 263

Figure 15-12 Recessed scope buttons used to define the scope of a look-up 264

Figure 15-13 Round rectangle scope buttons used to save, change, and set scoping criteria 264

Figure 15-14 Gradient buttons used to add and remove items in a list 266

Figure 15-15 Gradient buttons can behave in different ways 267

Figure 15-16 Help button in a preferences pane 268

Figure 15-17 Bevel buttons in an inspector window 269

Figure 15-18 Bevel button examples 270

Figure 15-19 Examples of round buttons 271

Figure 15-20 Radio buttons offer mutually exclusive choices 272

Figure 15-21 A radio button can change the state of an application 273

Figure 15-22 Radio button label alignment 274

Figure 15-23 Checkboxes provide on-off choices to the user 275

Figure 15-24 Checkboxes can be indented to show a dependent relationship 276

Figure 15-25 Checkbox label alignment 277

Figure 15-26 Segmented controls can be used as radio buttons 278

Figure 15-27 Segmented controls can contain icons or text 279

Figure 15-28 Bevel and icon buttons can include pop-up menus 280

Figure 15-29 Pop-up menus provide users with menu functionality in a control 281

Figure 15-30 An open pop-up menu 282

Figure 15-31 A pop-up menu with an introductory label and menu-item text 283

Figure 15-32 Pop-up menus stacked vertically 284

Figure 15-33 An Action menu in the Finder toolbar 284

Figure 15-34 An Action menu can be below a list view or source list 285

Figure 15-35 A combo box allows users to select from a list or supply their own item 287

Figure 15-36 A combo box with the list open 287

Figure 15-37 A combo box with an introductory label and list-item text 288

Figure 15-38 A path control displays the path of the current item 289

Figure 15-39 A path control can accommodate a large number of locations 290

Figure 15-40 Color wells in an inspector window 291

Figure 15-41 An image well in a preferences pane 292

Figure 15-42 Textual and graphical date pickers in a preferences pane 293

Figure 15-43 A textual date-picker control 293

Figure 15-44 A graphical date-picker control 294

Figure 15-45 A command pop-down menu in the Colors window 294

Figure 15-46 An open command pop-down menu 295

Figure 15-47 A command pop-down menu 295

Figure 15-48 Sliders allow users to choose from a continuous range of values 296

FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure 15-49 A circular slider 297

Figure 15-50 A linear slider without tick marks should display a round thumb 298

Figure 15-51 Examples of different types of sliders 299

Figure 15-52 Stepper controls in a panel 300

Figure 15-53 A regular-size stepper control 301

Figure 15-54 A placard 301

Figure 15-55 A determinate progress bar provides feedback on a process with a known duration

303

Figure 15-56 The active and inactive appearance of a determinate progress bar 304

Figure 15-57 An indeterminate progress bar provides feedback on a process of unknown duration

304

Figure 15-58 The active and inactive appearance of an indeterminate progress bar 305

Figure 15-59 An asynchronous progress indicator provides feedback on a process 306

Figure 15-60 A regular-size asynchronous progress indicator 306

Figure 15-61 A continuous capacity indicator shows a fine-grained representation of current

capacity 307

Figure 15-62 A discrete capacity indicator shows a medium-grained representation of current

capacity 308

Figure 15-63 A continuous capacity indicator displaying values in three different ranges 309

Figure 15-64 A discrete capacity indicator displaying values in three different ranges 309

Figure 15-65 A rating indicator shows the user-assigned rating for an item 310

Figure 15-66 Rating indicators showing different ratings 310

Figure 15-67 A relevance indicator shows the relevance of each item in a list 311

Figure 15-68 Relevance indicator states 312

Figure 15-69 Static text fields provide information to users 313

Figure 15-70 A text input field allows the user to supply information 314

Figure 15-71 A regular-size text input field in various states 315

Figure 15-72 A token field control in use 316

Figure 15-73 A token field control can display a contextual menu 317

Figure 15-74 A search field in a toolbar 318

Figure 15-75 A regular-size search field 319

Figure 15-76 A disclosure triangle can reveal more dialog contents 321

Figure 15-77 Disclosure triangles 322

Figure 15-78 A disclosure button expands a Save dialog 323

Figure 15-79 A list view in a window 324

Figure 15-80 A list view with disclosure triangles 325

Figure 15-81 A column view is useful for displaying a hierarchy of objects 326

Figure 15-82 The pointer changes when it hovers over a splitter 327

Figure 15-83 A window can have multiple split views 328

Figure 15-84 A tab view allows switching among multiple panes in a window 329

Figure 15-85 Tab panes inset from the edge of a window 331

Figure 15-86 Tab panes edge to edge 331

Figure 15-87 Acceptable, but not recommended, usage of a pop-up menu to switch among

panes 332

Figure 15-88 Separators divide controls into subgroups or categories 333

Figure 15-89 Separators 334

FIGURES AND TABLES

Apple has the world’s most advanced operating system, Mac OS X, which combines a powerful core foundation

with a compelling user interface called Aqua. With advanced features and an aesthetically refined use of

color, transparency, and animation, Mac OS X makes computing even easier for new users, while providing

the productivity that professional users have come to expect of the Macintosh. The user interface features,

behaviors, and appearances deliver a well-organized and cohesive user experience available to all applications

developed for Mac OS X.

These guidelines are designed to assist you in developing products that provide Mac OS X users with a

consistent visual and behavioral experience across applications and the operating system. Following the

guidelines is to your advantage because:

■ Users will learn your application faster if the interface looks and behaves like applications they’re already

familiar with.

■ Users can accomplish their tasks quickly, because well-designed applications don’t get in the user’s way.

■ Users with special needs will find your product more accessible.

■ Your application will have the same modern, elegant appearance as other Mac OS X applications.

■ Your application will be easier to document, because an intuitive interface and standard behaviors don’t

require as much explanation.

■ Customer support calls will be reduced (for the reasons cited above).

■ Your application will be easier to localize, because Apple has worked through many localization issues

in the Aqua design process.

■ Media reviews of your product will be more positive; reviewers easily target software that doesn’t look

or behave the way “true” Macintosh applications do.

The implementation of Apple’s human interface principles make the Macintosh what it is: intuitive, friendly,

elegant, and powerful.

What Are the Apple Human Interface Guidelines?

This document is the primary user interface documentation for Mac OS X. It provides specific details about

designing for Aqua compliance in Mac OS X version 10.5, although some of the information may apply to

previous versions of Mac OS X.

Aqua is the overall appearance and behavior of Mac OS X. Aqua defines the standard appearance of specific

user interface components such as windows, menus, and controls, and is also characterized by the anti-aliased

appearance of text and graphics, shadowing, transparency, and careful use of color. Aqua delivers standardized

consistent behaviors and promotes clear communication of status through animated notifications, visual

effects, and more. Designing for Aqua compliance will ensure you provide the best possible user experience

for your customers.

What Are the Apple Human Interface Guidelines? 19

INTRODUCTION

Introduction to Apple Human Interface

Guidelines

Aqua is available to Cocoa, Carbon, and Java software. For Cocoa and Carbon application development,

Interface Builder is the best way to begin building an Aqua-compliant graphical user interface. If you are

porting an existing Mac OS 9 application to Mac OS X, see the Carbon Porting Guide. Java developers can use

the Swing toolkit, which includes an Aqua look and feel in Mac OS X.

Who Should Read This Document?

Anyone building applications for Mac OS X should read and become familiar with the contents of this

document. This document combines information on the mechanics of designing a great user interface with

fundamental software design principles and information on leveraging Mac OS X technologies.

Organization of This Document

The document is divided into three main parts, each of which contains several chapters:

■ The first part, “Application Design Fundamentals” (page 23) describes the fundamental design principles

to keep in mind while designing an application.

■ The second part, “The Macintosh Experience” (page 59) discusses many of the Mac OS X technologies

that users are accustomed to using. You can take advantage of these technologies to streamline your

development process and ensure that your application is well-behaved in the context of the operating

system as a whole.

■ The third part, “The Aqua Interface” (page 93) describes the Mac OS X Aqua user interface. It explains

the specific user interface components available to you and includes extensive guidelines on how to use

and implement them in your application.

Supplementary information is provided in the following locations:

■ A listing of the recommended and reserved keyboard shortcuts for Mac OS X, in “Keyboard Shortcuts

Quick Reference” (page 355).

■ A summary of the changes made to this document in its various incarnations appears in “Document

Revision History” (page 371).

■ A listing of the terms used in this document, along with their definitions, is provided in the “Glossary” (page

363).

Conventions Used in This Document

Throughout this document, certain conventions are used to provide additional information:

Some of the example images include visual cues to note whether a particular implementation is appropriate

or not:

■

indicates an example of the correct way to use an interface element.

Who Should Read This Document?

INTRODUCTION

Introduction to Apple Human Interface Guidelines

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