WRF 3.4高级教程：安装、模块详解与新增物理过程

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本指南详细介绍了Advanced Research WRF (ARW) 3.4版本的气象建模系统，该版本于2012年4月发布。随着ARW的持续发展，这份用户手册会不断更新和增强，以满足用户需求。请将您的反馈发送至wrfhelp@ucar.edu。本文档是对ARW技术说明书的补充（可在<http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/docs/arw_v3.pdf>查阅），后者深入探讨了ARW的方程、数值方法、边界条件以及嵌套等核心内容。 ARW V3.4的重要更新亮点包括： 1. **WRF模型**： - 新物理方案：引入了多物理（Multi-Physics）的Noah-MP陆面物理方案，由来自德克萨斯大学的研究团队提供。这增强了对复杂陆面过程的模拟能力。 - Simplified Simple Biosphere Model (SSiB)，由UCLA的Y.-K. Xue和F. de Sales开发，用于简化大气与生物地球化学相互作用的处理。 - 修订的MM5表面层方案，由来自西班牙CIEMAT的Jimenez贡献，提升了对低层大气动态的准确性。 - Eddy-Diffusivity Mass-Flux for QNSE，法国Numtech的Pergaud改进了对湍流扩散和质量输运的计算。 - National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL)的2-moment微物理方案，由Mansello等人提供，增强了对强风暴过程的模拟能力。 - Fu-Liou-Gulong短波辐射模型，用于更精确地处理短波能量在大气中的传输。这些更新旨在提高ARW的预报精度和灵活性，使其能够适应不同的气候和环境条件，从而在大气科学研究和应用中发挥重要作用。用户在使用过程中，应参考最新的用户指南和技术文档，确保获取最准确和全面的信息。同时，持续关注ARW的更新和改进，以便及时掌握最新进展。

SOFTWARE INSTALLATION

WRF-ARW V3: User’s Guide 2-3

may execute netCDF utility commands, such as ncdump

. Use a netCDF version that is

3.6.1 or later. WRF does not currently use any of the additional capabilities that are in

the newer versions of netCDF (such as 4.0 and later): compression, chunking, HDF5, etc.

Note 1

: If one wants to compile WRF system components on a Linux or Darwin system

that has access to multiple compilers, link the correct external libraries. For example, do

not link the libraries built with PathScale when compiling the WRF components with

gfortran. Even more, the same options when building the netCDF libraries must be used

when building the WRF code (32 vs 64 bit, assumptions about underscores in the symbol

names, etc.).

Note 2

If you are going to be running distributed memory WRF jobs, you need a version of MPI.

You can pick up a version of

: If netCDF-4 is used, be sure that it is installed without activating the new

capabilities (such as parallel I/O based on HDF5). The WRF modeling system currently

only uses its classic data model, supported in netCDF-4.

mpich, but you might want your system group to install the

code. A working installation of MPI is required prior to a build of WRF using distributed

memory. Either MPI-1 or MPI-2 are acceptable. Do you already have an MPI lying

around? Try

which mpif90

which mpicc

which mpirun

If these are all defined executables in your path, you are probably OK. Make sure your

paths are set up to point to the MPI lib, include, and bin directories. As with the

netCDF libraries, you must build MPI consistently with the WRF source code.

Note that to output WRF model data in Grib1 format, Todd Hutchinson (WSI) has

provided a complete source library that is included with the software release. However,

when trying to link the WPS, the WRF model, and the WRFDA data streams together,

always use the netCDF format.

Post-Processing Utilities

The more widely used (and therefore supported) WRF post-processing utilities are:

• NCL (homepage and WRF download)

o NCAR Command Language written by NCAR’s Computer Information

Systems Laboratory (formerly the Scientific Computing Division)

o NCL scripts written and maintained by WRF support

o many template scripts are provided that are tailored for specific real-data

and ideal-data cases

o raw WRF output can be input with the NCL scripts

SOFTWARE INSTALLATION

WRF-ARW V3: User’s Guide 2-5

Building the WRF Code

The WRF code has a fairly complicated build mechanism. It tries to determine the

architecture that you are on, and then presents you with options to allow you to select the

preferred build method. For example, if you are on a Linux machine, it determines

whether this is a 32 or 64 bit machine, and then prompts you for the desired usage of

processors (such as serial, shared memory, or distributed memory). You select from

among the available compiling options in the build mechanism. For example, do not

choose a PGI build if you do not have PGI compilers installed on your system.

• Get the WRF zipped tar file for WRFV3 from

o http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/download/get_source.html

o Always get the latest version if you are not trying to continue a long

project, or duplicate previous work

• unzip and untar the file

o gzip -cd WRFV3.TAR.gz | tar -xf –

o Alternatively tar –xzf WRFV3.TAR.gz on some systems

•

cd WRFV3

./configure

o serial means single processor

o smpar means Symmetric Multi-Processing/Shared Memory Parallel

(OpenMP) – this does not reliably work on most non-IBM machines

o dmpar means Distributed Memory Parallel (MPI)

o dm+sm means Distributed Memory with Shared Memory (for example,

MPI across nodes with OpenMP within a node) – usually better

performance is through dmpar only

o The second option is for nesting: 0 = no nesting, 1 = standard static

nesting, 2 = nesting with a prescribed set of moves, 3 = nesting that allows

a domain to follow a vortex (typhoon tracking)

o A typical option that may be included on the ./configure command is

the flag “-d” (for debug). This option removes optimization, which is

useful when running a debugger (such as gdb or dbx)

• ./compile em_real

•

(or any of the directory names in ./WRFV3/test

directory)

ls -ls main/*.exe

o If you built a real-data case, you should see

ndown.exe, real.exe, and

wrf.exe

o If you built an ideal-data case, you should see

ideal.exe and wrf.exe

The WRF code supports a parallel build option, an option that compiles separate source

code files in the WRF directories at the same time on separate processors (though those

processors need to share memory) via a parallel make. The purpose of the parallel build

option is to be able to speed-up the time required to construct executables. In practice,

users typically see approximately a 2x speed-up, a limit imposed by the various

dependencies in the code due to modules and USE association. To enable the parallel

SOFTWARE INSTALLATION

WRF-ARW V3: User’s Guide 2-6

build option, the user sets an environment variable, J. In csh, to utilize two processors,

before the ./compile command, issue the following:

setenv J “-j 2”

Users may wish to only use a single processor for the build. In which case:

setenv J “-j 1”

Users wishing to run the WRF chemistry code must first download the WRF model tar

file, and untar it. Then the chemistry code is untar’ed in the WRFV3 directory (this is the

chem directory structure). Once the source code from the tar files is combined, then

users may proceed with the WRF chemistry build.

Building the WPS Code

Building WPS requires that WRFV3 is already built.

If you plan to use Grib2 data, additional libraries for zlib, png, and jasper are

required. Please see details in Chapter 3.

• Get the WPS zipped tar file WPSV3.TAR.gz from

o http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/download/get_source.html

•

Also download the geographical dataset from the same page, there are two

choices based on the dataset size

• Unzip and untar the source code file

•

gzip -cd WPSV3.TAR.gz | tar -xf -

• With version 3.4, a new build mechanism is in place for WPS. Users may access

the old method by running the command “./configure_old”.

cd WPS

• ./configure

o Choose one of the options

o Usually, serial builds are the best for an initial test. Most large domains

work with a single processor for WPS

o WPS requires that you build for the appropriate Grib decoding. Select an

option that is suitable for the data you will use with the ungrib program

(the Grib2 option will work for either Grib1 or Grib2 data)

o If you select a Grib2 option, you must have those libraries prepared and

built in advance (see the chapter on WPS for the location of these

compression libraries). Add the paths to these libraries and include files

using variables COMPRESSION_LIBS and COMPRESSION_INC in

configure.wps. Also inside the configure.wps file is the

location of the built WRFV3 directory, which needs to be modified. This

is how the WPS picks up all of the required IO pieces to build the

geogrid.exe and metgrid.exe files.

•

./compile

ls -ls *.exe

o You should see

geogrid.exe, ungrib.exe, and metgrid.exe (if

you are missing both geogrid.exe and metgrid.exe, you probably

SOFTWARE INSTALLATION

WRF-ARW V3: User’s Guide 2-7

need to fix where the path to WRF is pointing in the configure.wps

file; if you are missing ungrib.exe, try a Grib1-only build to further

isolate the problem)

• ls -ls util/*.exe

o You should see a number of utility executables:

avg_tsfc.exe,

calc_ecmwf_p.exe, g1print.exe, g2print.exe,

height_ukmo.exe, mod_levs.exe, plotfmt.exe,

plotgrids.exe, and rd_intermediate.exe

• If geogrid.exe and metgrid.exe executables are missing, the path to the

built WRFV3 directory structure is probably incorrect (found inside the

configure.wps file)

(files requiring

NCAR Graphics are plotfmt.exe and plotgrids.exe)

• If the ungrib.exe is missing, the Grib2 libraries are probably not linked or

built correctly

• If the plotfmt.exe or the plotgrids.exe programs is missing, the NCAR

Graphics path is probably set incorrectly

Building the WRFDA Code (for 3DVAR)

WRFDA uses the same build mechanism as WRF; thus, this mechanism must be

instructed to configure and build the code for WRFDA rather than WRF. Additionally,

the paths to libraries needed by WRFDA code must be set, as described in the steps

below.

• Get the WRFDA zipped tar file, WRFDAV3.4.TAR.gz, from

http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/download/get_source.html

•

Unzip and untar the WRFDA code

This will create a directory,

gzip -cd WRFDAV3.4.TAR.gz | tar -xf –

•

WRFDA

cd WRFDA

In addition to netCDF, set up environmental variables pointing to

additional libraries required by WRFDA, such as RTTOV

Please note: only the netCDF library is mandatory to compile the basic

WRFDA system; all other libraries are optional

If you intend to use the PREPBUFR observation data from NCEP, the

environmental variable BUFR has to be set with,

setenv BUFR 1

If you intend to use satellite radiance data, the RTM (Radiative Transfer

Model) is required. The current RTM versions that WRFDA uses are

CRTM v2.0.2 and RTTOV v10. WRFDA can compile with CRTM only,

or RTTOV only, or both CRTM and RTTOV together

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