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计算机专业英语详解与便携设备分类
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"这是一份关于计算机专业英语及中文翻译的PDF文档,包含了练习题,旨在帮助读者理解并掌握计算机领域的专业术语和概念。" 在计算机科学领域,掌握专业英语至关重要,因为很多技术文档、研究论文和技术交流都是用英文进行的。这份资料详细介绍了计算机的基本概念,并提供了对应的中文翻译,使得学习者能够更深入地理解这些概念。 首先,文档提到了计算机的基本定义:它们是能够遵循指令处理输入并产生信息的电子设备。根据其规模和功能,计算机主要分为四种类型:微型计算机(个人计算机)、小型计算机、大型主机和超级计算机。 微型计算机,即我们熟知的个人电脑,包括台式机和便携式设备。台式机可以放在桌面上,而便携式微型计算机则可以放入公文包甚至手掌中。这些设备广泛应用于家庭、学校和工业领域,几乎每个行业都离不开它们。近年来,便携式计算机的使用量激增,尤其是笔记本电脑。 笔记本电脑是一种便于携带的微型计算机,重量通常在10到16磅之间。它们可以使用交流电源,电池电源,或者两者兼备。交流电源的笔记本电脑重量在12到16磅之间,而电池供电的笔记本电脑,包括电池在内,重量在10到15磅,可以通过肩带携带。 此外,文档还提到了笔记本电脑的一个子类——笔记型个人计算机(Notebook PCs)。这种类型的电脑重量介于5到10磅之间,尺寸设计得刚好可以放入大多数公文包。它们在需要移动办公的场所特别有价值,例如商务会议、出差或者校园学习环境中。 通过这份资料,学习者不仅可以学习到计算机的基础知识,还能提升专业英语阅读和理解能力,同时通过配套的练习来巩固所学内容。这对于计算机专业人士或学生来说,无疑是一份非常宝贵的资源。
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Software refers to computer programs. Programs are the instructions that tell the computer
how to process data into the form you want. There are two kinds of software: system software
and application software.
System software is a collection of programs that enables application software to run on a
computer system's hardware devices, it is background software and includes programs that help
the computer manage its own internal resources.
Application software is a specialized programs that enables the user to accomplish specific
tasks.
In this text, we mainly discuss system software.
System software consists of four kinds of programs: bootstrap loader, diagnostic routines,
basic input-output system, and operating system. Among these four parts, the operating system is
we most concerned with, whith helps manage computer resources. Most important operating
systems are: Windows, Windows NT, OS/2, Macintosh, and Unix.
Windows
Windows gets its name because of its ability to run multiple applications at the
same time, each in its own window. Windows offers graphical user interface (GUI), presents the
user with graphic images of computer functions and data. It provides a standard mechanism for
copying or moving information from one program to another. This mechanism, called the
Clipboard, means that information created in one context is instantly reusable in another, you
don't need to reenter information or work with clumsy data-transfer utilities. Windows also has
DDE (dynamic data exchange) and OLE (object linking and embedding) functions. In DDE two
or more applications can be linked. This way, data created in one application is automatically
entered into the others. OLE, like DDE, links data between applications. Additionally, OLE
allows the application receiving the data to directly access the application that created the data.
Windows NT
Windows NT is an operating system designed to run on a wide range of
powerful computers and microcomputers. It is a very sophisticated and powerful operation
system. Developed by Microsoft, Windows NT is not considered a replacement for Windows.
[1]
Rather, it is an advanced alternative designed for very powerful microcomputers and networks.
Windows NT has two major advantages when compare to Windows:
Multiprocessing It is similar to multitasking except that the applications are run independently
at the same time. For instance, you could be printing a word processing document and using a
database management program at the same time.
[2]
With multitasking, the speed at which the
document is printed is affected by the demands of the database management program. With
multiprocessing, the demands of the database management program do not affect the printing of the
Chapter 1 Computer Fundamentals
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document.
Networking In many business environments, workers often use computer to communicate
with one another and to share software using a network. This is made possible and controlled by
special system software. Windows NT has network capabilities and security checks built into the
operating system. This makes network installation and use relatively easy.
OS/2
OS/2 stands for Operating System/2. It was developed jointly by IBM and Microsoft
Corporation. OS/2 has many similarities with Windows NT. It is designed for very powerful
microcomputers and has several advanced features. Some of its advantages over Windows NT
include:
Minimum system configuration Like Windows NT, OS/2 requires significant memory
and hard disk space. However, OS/2 requires slightly less.
Windows application Like Windows NT, OS/2 does not have a large number of
application programs written especially for it. OS/2 can also run Windows programs, but it runs
these programs slightly faster than Windows NT.
Common user interface Microcomputer application programs written specifically for
Windows NT, as well as for OS/2, have consistent graphics interfaces. Across applications, the
user is provided with similar screen displays, menus, and operations. Additionally, OS/2 offers a
consistent interface with mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers.
Macintosh Operation System
The Macintosh Software, which runs only on Macintosh
computers, offers a high-quality graphical user interface and is very easy to use. Apple
Macintosh System 7.5 designed for Apple computers using Motorola's PowerPC microprocessor,
is a significant milestone for Apple. It is a very powerful operating system like Windows NT and
OS/2. System 7.5 has network capabilities and can read Windows and OS/2 files. It has several
advantages:
Ease of use The graphical user interface has made the Macintosh popular with many
newcomers to computing. This because it is easy to learn.
Quality graphics Macintosh has established a high standard for graphics processing. This
is a principal reason why the Macintosh is popular for desktop publishing. Users are easily able
to merge pictorial and text materials to produce nearly professional-looking newsletters,
advertisements, and the like.
Consistent interfaces Macintosh applications have a consistent graphics interface. Across
all applications, the user is provided with similar screen displays, menus, and operations.
Multitasking Like Windows, Windows NT, and OS//2, the Macintosh System enables
you to do multitasking. That is, several programs can run at the same time.
Communications between programs The Macintosh system allows applications programs
to share data and commands with other applications programs.
Unix
Unix was originally developed by AT&T for minicomputers and is very good for
multitasking. It is also good for networking between computers. Unix initially became popular in
industry because for many years AT&T licensed the system to universities for a nominal fee. It is
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popular among engineers and technical people, with the arrival of very powerful microcomputers,
Unix is becoming a larger player in the microcomputer world. Unix can be used with different
types of computer systems, that is, it is a portable operating system. It is used with microcomputers,
minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers. The other operating systems are designed for
microcomputers and are not nearly as portable. It also has the advantages of multitasking,
multiprocessing, multiuser, and networking.
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accomplish v. ᅠ៤, 䖒ࠄ, ᅲ⦄
advertisement n. ᑓ˄џˈᅷӴ˅
application n. 䇋∖ˈᑨ⫼ˈᑨ⫼ᑣˈᑨ⫼䕃ӊ
background n. 㚠᱃, ৢৄ
bootstrap n. ᓩᇐᑣˈ㞾ሩ
diagnostic n. 䆞ᮁ
dynamic adj. ࡼᗕⱘ, ࡼ˄ᄺ˅
embed v. ጠ༫, 㺙ܹ
graphical n. ᔶ
initially adj. ᳔߱
interface n. ⬠䴶ষˈ䖲
license v. 䆌
ৃˈޚ䆌
mechanism n. ᴎẄ㺙㕂, ᴎᵘ, ᴎࠊ
merge v. ᔦᑊ, ড়ᑊ
multiple adj. ˄סˈ䏃ˈ䞡ˈ䘧ˈ˅ⱘ
newsletter n. 䗮ֵ〓˄Ϯࡵ䗮ֵˈㅔ䆃˅
nominal adj. ৡНϞⱘˈ᳝ৡ᮴ᅲⱘˈৡᄫⱘ
pictorial adj. ⼎ⱘˈڣⱘ
refer v. ᦤѸ, 䇜ঞ, ᔦ䇌Ѣ
security n. ᅝܼ˄ᗻ˅ˈֱᆚ˄ᗻ˅ˈᅝܼᮑ
specialized adj. ϧϮⱘˈϧ䮼ⱘ
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bootstrap loader ᓩᇐ㺙ܹᑣ
diagnostic routines 䆞ᮁ՟
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DDE˄Dynamic Data Exchange˅ ࡼᗕ᭄Ѹᤶ
OLE˄Object Linking and Embedding˅ ᇍ䈵䫒ጠܹ
OS˄Operating System˅ ᪡㋏㒳
Chapter 1 Computer Fundamentals
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[1] ՟হ˖Rather, it is an advanced alternative designed for very powerful microcomputers
and networks.
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microcomputers and networks ᰃ䖛এߚ䆡ⷁ䇁ᅮ䇁ˈׂ佄 alternativeDŽ
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[2] ՟হ˖With multitasking, the speed at which the document is printed is affected by the
demands of the database management program.
ߚᵤ˖at which the document is printed ᰃᅮ䇁Ңহˈׂ佄 speedDŽ
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ĉ. Write true or false for the following statements according to the passage.
1. ( ) System software is background software, that is, without it, computers can't work.
2. ( ) System software has four kinds of programs: bootstrap loader, diagnostic routines,
basic input-output system, and operating system.
3. ( ) One computer can only run one kind of system software.
4. ( ) Windows provides a standard mechanism called Clipboard, it can copy or move data
easily.
5. ( ) DDE allows the application receiving the data to directly access the application that
created the data.
6. ( ) Windows NT is designed for replacement of Windows.
7. ( ) OS/2 requires the same memory and hard disk space as Windows does.
8. ( ) Macintosh operating system can run on all kinds of computers.
9. ( ) Unix is a portable operating system, that is, it can be used in different kinds of computer
systems.
10. ( ) Macintosh computers are designed to use Intel's microprocessor.
Ċ. Fill in the blanks according to the passage.
1. ___________ are the instructions that tell the computer how to process data into the form
you want.
2. __________________ is background software and includes programs that help the
computer manage its own ____________ resources.
3. System software consists of four kinds of programs: ___________, _____________,
__________________, ____________________.
4. Windows also has DDE (___________________) and OLE (__________________)
functions.
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5. ___________ is similar to multitasking except that the applications are run independently
and at the same time.
6. OS/2 was developed jointly by ____ and ______________ Corporation.
7. The Macintosh Software, which runs only on _____________ computers, offers a
high-quality ______________________ and is very easy to use.
8. Unix can be used with different types of computer systems, that is, it is a _________
operating system.
9. ____________ is a standard mechanism for copying or moving information from one
program to another.
10. Unix can be used with different types of computer systems. It also has the advantages of
____________, ___________, ____________, and _____________.
ċ. Translate the following words and expressions into Chinese.
1. background software 6. security checks
2. internal recources 7. bootstrap loader
3. standard mechanism 8. diagnostic routines
4. significant milestone 9. data-transfer utilities
5. network capabilities 10. advanced alternative
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An "embedded system" is a special-purpose computer system, which is completely encapsulated
by the device it controls. An embedded system has specific requirements and performs pre-defined
tasks, unlike a general-purpose personal computer.
Characteristics Two major areas of differences are cost and power consumption. Since
many embedded systems are produced in the tens of thousands to millions of units range,
reducing cost is a major concern. Embedded systems often use a (relatively) slow processor
and small memory size to minimize costs. The slowness is not just clock's speed. The whole
architecture of the computer is often intentionally simplified to lower costs. For example,
embedded systems often use peripherals controlled by synchronous serial interfaces, which are
ten to hundreds of times slower than comparable peripherals used in PCs. Programs on an
embedded system often must run with real-time constraints with limited hardware resources:
often there is no disk drive, operating system, keyboard or screen. A flash drive may replace
rotating media, and a small keypad and LCD screen may be used instead of a PC's keyboard and
screen. Firmware is the name for software that is embedded in hardware devices, e.g. in one or
more ROM Flash memory IC chips. Embedded systems are routinely expected to maintain 100%
reliability while running continuously for long periods of time, sometimes measured in years.
Firmware is usually developed and tested to much stricter requirements than is general purpose
software (which can usually be easily restarted if a problem occurs). In addition, because the
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