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首页深入学习Linux shell编程指南:Advanced Bash Scripting
深入学习Linux shell编程指南:Advanced Bash Scripting
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更新于2024-07-27
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"Advanced Bash Scripts Guide 是一本深入探讨Linux shell编程艺术的手册,由 Mendel Cooper 编写,电子书的最新修订版发布于2011年8月30日,被称为 'VORTEXBERRY' 版本。这本书旨在为初学者提供基础知识,但其内容迅速提升到中级至高级水平,同时融入丰富的UNIX®技巧和知识。作者鼓励读者通过编写实际脚本来学习,认为这是掌握shell编程技巧的关键。 该手册涵盖了广泛的范围,不假设读者有编程背景。它既是教材,自学者的指南,也是关于shell编程技术的参考书。书中包括详细的章节,如第1章介绍Shell编程基础,让读者了解脚本语言的基本概念;第2章则从一个简单的 'SHA-BANG' 开始,引导读者如何启动脚本,以及一系列初步的练习来帮助入门。 作者强调了实践的重要性,提供了大量的练习和带有详尽注释的示例,让读者在互动中学习和成长。这本书适合作为课堂上教授编程理念的通用入门教程,也适合个人自我学习者深入研究和提升shell编程技能。 此外,书中还包含了一个目录,列出了后续章节,如章节2.1介绍了如何调用脚本,以及预先安排的习题,帮助读者逐步掌握脚本的编写、执行和调试。Advanced Bash Scripts Guide 是一个系统且实用的学习资源,对于希望提升Linux系统管理能力的读者来说,是一本不可或缺的参考资料。"
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bash$ cp /home/bozo/current_work/junk/* .
Copy all the "junk" files to $PWD.
.
"dot" character match. When matching characters, as part of a regular expression, a "dot" matches a
single character.
"
partial quoting [double quote]. "STRING" preserves (from interpretation) most of the special
characters within STRING. See Chapter 5.
'
full quoting [single quote]. 'STRING' preserves all special characters within STRING. This is a
stronger form of quoting than "STRING". See Chapter 5.
,
comma operator. The comma operator [16] links together a series of arithmetic operations. All are
evaluated, but only the last one is returned.
let "t2 = ((a = 9, 15 / 3))"
# Set "a = 9" and "t2 = 15 / 3"
The comma operator can also concatenate strings.
for file in /{,usr/}bin/*calc
# ^ Find all executable files ending in "calc"
#+ in /bin and /usr/bin directories.
do
if [ -x "$file" ]
then
echo $file
fi
done
# /bin/ipcalc
# /usr/bin/kcalc
# /usr/bin/oidcalc
# /usr/bin/oocalc
# Thank you, Rory Winston, for pointing this out.
,, ,
Lowercase conversion in parameter substitution (added in version 4 of Bash).
\
escape [backslash]. A quoting mechanism for single characters.
\X escapes the character X. This has the effect of "quoting" X, equivalent to 'X'. The \ may be used to
quote " and ', so they are expressed literally.
See Chapter 5 for an in-depth explanation of escaped characters.
/
Filename path separator [forward slash]. Separates the components of a filename (as in
/home/bozo/projects/Makefile).
This is also the division arithmetic operator.
`
command substitution. The `command` construct makes available the output of command for
assignment to a variable. This is also known as backquotes or backticks.
Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide
Chapter 3. Special Characters 10
:
null command [colon]. This is the shell equivalent of a "NOP" (no op, a do-nothing operation). It
may be considered a synonym for the shell builtin true. The ":" command is itself a Bash builtin, and
its exit status is true (0).
:
echo $? # 0
Endless loop:
while :
do
operation-1
operation-2
...
operation-n
done
# Same as:
# while true
# do
# ...
# done
Placeholder in if/then test:
if condition
then : # Do nothing and branch ahead
else # Or else ...
take-some-action
fi
Provide a placeholder where a binary operation is expected, see Example 8-2 and default parameters.
: ${username=`whoami`}
# ${username=`whoami`} Gives an error without the leading :
# unless "username" is a command or builtin...
: ${1?"Usage: $0 ARGUMENT"} # From "usage-message.sh example script.
Provide a placeholder where a command is expected in a here document. See Example 19-10.
Evaluate string of variables using parameter substitution (as in Example 10-7).
: ${HOSTNAME?} ${USER?} ${MAIL?}
# Prints error message
#+ if one or more of essential environmental variables not set.
Variable expansion / substring replacement.
In combination with the > redirection operator, truncates a file to zero length, without changing its
permissions. If the file did not previously exist, creates it.
: > data.xxx # File "data.xxx" now empty.
# Same effect as cat /dev/null >data.xxx
# However, this does not fork a new process, since ":" is a builtin.
See also Example 16-15.
Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide
Chapter 3. Special Characters 11
In combination with the >> redirection operator, has no effect on a pre-existing target file (: >>
target_file). If the file did not previously exist, creates it.
This applies to regular files, not pipes, symlinks, and certain special files.
May be used to begin a comment line, although this is not recommended. Using # for a comment
turns off error checking for the remainder of that line, so almost anything may appear in a comment.
However, this is not the case with :.
: This is a comment that generates an error, ( if [ $x -eq 3] ).
The ":" serves as a field separator, in /etc/passwd, and in the $PATH variable.
bash$ echo $PATH
/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/games
A colon is acceptable as a function name.
:()
{
echo "The name of this function is "$FUNCNAME"
# Why use a colon as a function name?
# It's a way of obfuscating your code.
}
:
# The name of this function is :
This is not portable behavior, and therefore not a recommended practice.
!
reverse (or negate) the sense of a test or exit status [bang]. The ! operator inverts the exit status of
the command to which it is applied (see Example 6-2). It also inverts the meaning of a test operator.
This can, for example, change the sense of equal ( = ) to not-equal ( != ). The ! operator is a Bash
keyword.
In a different context, the ! also appears in indirect variable references.
In yet another context, from the command line, the ! invokes the Bash history mechanism (see
Appendix K). Note that within a script, the history mechanism is disabled.
*
wild card [asterisk]. The * character serves as a "wild card" for filename expansion in globbing. By
itself, it matches every filename in a given directory.
bash$ echo *
abs-book.sgml add-drive.sh agram.sh alias.sh
The * also represents any number (or zero) characters in a regular expression.
*
arithmetic operator. In the context of arithmetic operations, the * denotes multiplication.
** A double asterisk can represent the exponentiation operator or extended file-match globbing.
?
test operator. Within certain expressions, the ? indicates a test for a condition.
Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide
Chapter 3. Special Characters 12
In a double-parentheses construct, the ? can serve as an element of a C-style trinary operator.
condition?result-if-true:result-if-false
(( var0 = var1<98?9:21 ))
# ^ ^
# if [ "$var1" -lt 98 ]
# then
# var0=9
# else
# var0=21
# fi
In a parameter substitution expression, the ? tests whether a variable has been set.
?
wild card. The ? character serves as a single-character "wild card" for filename expansion in
globbing, as well as representing one character in an extended regular expression.
$
Variable substitution (contents of a variable).
var1=5
var2=23skidoo
echo $var1 # 5
echo $var2 # 23skidoo
A $ prefixing a variable name indicates the value the variable holds.
$
end-of-line. In a regular expression, a "$" addresses the end of a line of text.
${}
Parameter substitution.
$' ... '
Quoted string expansion. This construct expands single or multiple escaped octal or hex values into
ASCII [17] or Unicode characters.
$*, $@
positional parameters.
$?
exit status variable. The $? variable holds the exit status of a command, a function, or of the script
itself.
$$
process ID variable. The $$ variable holds the process ID [18] of the script in which it appears.
()
command group.
(a=hello; echo $a)
A listing of commands within parentheses starts a subshell.
Variables inside parentheses, within the subshell, are not visible to the rest of the
script. The parent process, the script, cannot read variables created in the child
process, the subshell.
Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide
Chapter 3. Special Characters 13
a=123
( a=321; )
echo "a = $a" # a = 123
# "a" within parentheses acts like a local variable.
array initialization.
Array=(element1 element2 element3)
{xxx,yyy,zzz,...}
Brace expansion.
echo \"{These,words,are,quoted}\" # " prefix and suffix
# "These" "words" "are" "quoted"
cat {file1,file2,file3} > combined_file
# Concatenates the files file1, file2, and file3 into combined_file.
cp file22.{txt,backup}
# Copies "file22.txt" to "file22.backup"
A command may act upon a comma-separated list of file specs within braces. [19] Filename
expansion (globbing) applies to the file specs between the braces.
No spaces allowed within the braces unless the spaces are quoted or escaped.
echo {file1,file2}\ :{\ A," B",' C'}
file1 : A file1 : B file1 : C file2 : A file2 : B file2 :
C
{a..z}
Extended Brace expansion.
echo {a..z} # a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
# Echoes characters between a and z.
echo {0..3} # 0 1 2 3
# Echoes characters between 0 and 3.
base64_charset=( {A..Z} {a..z} {0..9} + / = )
# Initializing an array, using extended brace expansion.
# From vladz's "base64.sh" example script.
The {a..z} extended brace expansion construction is a feature introduced in version 3 of Bash.
{}
Block of code [curly brackets]. Also referred to as an inline group, this construct, in effect, creates
an anonymous function (a function without a name). However, unlike in a "standard" function, the
variables inside a code block remain visible to the remainder of the script.
bash$ { local a;
a=123; }
bash: local: can only be used in a
function
Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide
Chapter 3. Special Characters 14
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