Yb3+/Er3+共掺杂碲酸盐玻璃与光纤的1.53 µm发射增强与能量传递
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"本文主要探讨了Yb3+/Er3+共掺杂碲酸盐玻璃和光纤在1.53微米波段发射性能的增强及其能量传递机制。通过将Yb3+离子引入Er3+单掺杂的碲酸盐玻璃（TeO2-ZnO-La2O3组成），研究人员观察到在975纳米激光二极管（LD）激发下，1.53微米波段的自发发射和上转换发射强度显著增加，同时信号增益也得到一定程度的提升。这种效果归因于Yb3+和Er3+之间有效的能量转移，具体为Yb3+：2F5/2 + Er3+：4I15/2 → Yb3+：2F7/2 + Er3+：4I11/2。文章还对能量转移过程进行了定量研究，确定了掺杂稀土离子间的微观能量转移参数。此外，利用Judd-Ofelt理论分析了Er3+的光谱特性，并通过X射线衍射（XRD）和差示扫描量热法（DSC）研究了玻璃的结构行为和热稳定性。"
在这项研究中，Yb3+/Er3+共掺杂技术被用于优化Er3+的1.53微米波段发射，这是因为1.53微米波段是光纤通信中的关键工作窗口，对于光纤放大器（EDFA）至关重要。实验结果表明，共掺杂策略不仅增强了可见光波段的上转换效应，同时也提高了1.53微米波段的荧光发射强度。这表明Yb3+离子能够有效地将吸收的能量传递给Er3+离子，从而提高了信号增益。这种能量传递过程的效率对于设计高效光纤放大器具有重要意义。
研究人员进一步利用Judd-Ofelt理论，从测得的吸收光谱中提取Er3+的光谱信息，这有助于理解掺杂离子在玻璃基质中的行为以及它们与环境相互作用的方式。同时，通过XRD分析，揭示了碲酸盐玻璃的晶体结构和无定形特性，这对于理解掺杂离子如何影响玻璃的光学性能至关重要。DSC测量则提供了关于玻璃热稳定性的信息，这对于高温处理或实际应用中的性能维持是必要的。
该研究深入探讨了Yb3+/Er3+共掺杂碲酸盐材料在光纤通信领域的潜力，通过改善能量传递机制和增强特定波段的发射，为优化光纤放大器的性能提供了新的途径。这些发现对于未来开发高性能、高效率的光纤通信系统具有重要价值。
Improvement of 1.53
l
m emission and energy transfer of Yb
3+
/Er
3+
co-doped tellurite glass and fiber
Yaxun Zhou
⇑
, Dandan Yin, Shichao Zheng, Shengxi Peng, Yawei Qi, Fen Chen, Gaobo Yang
College of Information Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Zhejiang 315211, China
article info
Article history:
Received 2 April 2013
Revised 7 July 2013
Available online 5 August 2013
Keywords:
Tellurite glass
Yb
3+
/Er
3+
co-doping
1.53
l
m band emission
Energy transfer
abstract
To improve the 1.53
l
m band emission of Er
3+
, the trivalent Yb
3+
ions were introduced into the Er
3+
single-doped tellurite glass with composition of TeO
2
–ZnO–La
2
O
3
, a potential gain medium for
Er
3+
-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). The improved effects were investigated from the measured 1.53
l
m
band and visible band spontaneous emission spectra together with the calculated 1.53
l
m band stimu-
lated emission (signal gain) spectra under the excitation of 975 nm laser diode (LD). It was found that
Yb
3+
/Er
3+
co-doping scheme can remarkably improve the visible band up-conversion and the 1.53
l
m
band fluorescence emission intensity, and meanwhile improves the 1.53
l
m band signal gain to some
extent, which were attributed to the result of the effective energy transfer of Yb
3+
:
2
F
5/2
+Er
3+
:
4
I
15/2
? Yb
3+
:
2
F
7/2
+Er
3+
:
4
I
11/2
. The quantitative study of energy transfer mechanism was performed
and microscopic energy transfer parameters between the doped rare-earth ions were determined. In
addition, the spectroscopic properties of Er
3+
were also investigated from the measured absorption spec-
trum according to the Judd–Ofelt theory, and the structure behavior and thermal stability of the prepared
tellurite glass were analyzed based on the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimeter
(DSC) measurements, respectively.
Ó 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Due to the rapid increase of information capacity and the need
for flexible wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) communica-
tion networks, there exists an urgent demand for optical amplifiers
with a broad and flat gain spectrum in the telecommunication win-
dow at around the 1.53
l
m near-infrared band [1], where the low-
er optical loss is located for current silica-based transmission fiber.
Although most of the commercial Er
3+
-doped fiber amplifiers
(EDFA) used nowadays in communication networks are made of
silica glass, which has good thermal stability, chemical durability
and mechanical stability, it still has some disadvantages, especially
the narrow gain spectrum (35 nm), which only permits fewer sig-
nal channels, limits its future applications to meet broadband
transmission [2–4]. On the contrary, an EDFA fabricated with
new tellurite glass host was reported to have a flat gain amplifica-
tion of 20 dB across its 80 nm spectrum in the wavelength range of
1530–1610 nm [5]. As a host material, the tellurite glass possesses
some excellent material properties such as high refractive index
(2.0), wide infrared transmittance (up to 6
l
m), good chemical
durability and solubility for rare earth dopants (10–50 times larger
than in silica) [6,7]. In addition, Er
3+
ions in tellurite glass exhibit a
large stimulated emission cross-section (2 times larger than in
fluoride and silica-based glasses around 1600 nm) [8] and a broad
fluorescence full width at half maximum (FWHM) in the 1.53
l
m
band, which is particularly beneficial for fabrication of high gain
and broadband EDFA.
A commercial EDFA, operating in the 1.53
l
m band, can utilize
either 980 nm or 1480 nm pumping scheme [9,10]. Compared with
the former, the 1480 nm pumping is a resonant pumping scheme
that cannot provide full population inversion and good signal-to-
noise ratio. Thus, the 980 nm lighting diode (LD) is often used as
the pumping source to realize 1.53
l
m band amplification with
broad gain, high power output and good noise figure instead of
1480 nm pumping. However, in Er
3+
-doped glass host, the absorp-
tion cross-section for the
4
I
15/2
?
4
I
11/2
transition corresponding to
the 980 nm pumping is lower than that for the
4
I
15/2
?
4
I
13/2
transition corresponding to the 1480 nm pumping [10]. On the
other hand, in developing compact optical amplifiers and designing
other integrated devices with rare earth doped materials, it is
necessary to enhance the absorption of 980 nm pumping light.
Co-doping with Yb
3+
can improve the absorption characteristics
and hence the excitation efficiency for Er
3+
at 980 nm due to a large
overlap between the Yb
3+
:
2
F
5/2
?
2
F
7/2
emission transition and
Er
3+
:
4
I
15/2
?
4
I
11/2
absorption transition [11,12], in which an
effective energy transfer (ET) process of Yb
3+
:
2
F
5/2
+Er
3+
:
4
I
15/2
? Yb
3+
:
2
F
7/2
+Er
3+
:
4
I
11/2
occurs, as shown in Fig. 1.
1068-5200/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2013.07.003
⇑
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: zhouyaxun@nbu.edu.cn (Y. Zhou).
Optical Fiber Technology 19 (2013) 507–513
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Optical Fiber Technology
www.elsevier.com/locate/yofte
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