迎接多核时代：《计算机架构定量方法》第4版经典再塑

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《计算机架构4版：量化方法的时代变迁》（Computer Architecture 4th Edition: A Quantitative Approach）是计算机科学领域的一部经典之作，自其首版以来，始终致力于揭示未来技术发展的基本原理。作者对计算机架构领域的热情未曾减退，他们强调这是一个既富有挑战又充满智慧的学科，它在市场竞争中寻求成本、性能和效能的平衡，尽管过程中可能伴随着光荣的失败与显著的成功。随着多处理器时代的来临，单核处理器的主导地位逐渐被芯片级并行处理所取代，新版的《亨尼斯和帕特森计算机架构》恰逢其时。正如谷歌的Luiz André Barroso所评价，这本书不仅对计算机架构教学产生了深远影响，而且在未来的教学领域将长期占据重要位置。书中提到的共同点，如披头士的歌曲、惠普计算器、巧克力芯片饼干以及计算机架构，它们都经受住了时间的考验，体现了经典的持久价值。Robert P. Colwell进一步指出，本书不仅是所有计算机架构师应当熟悉的权威参考书，还是探索新兴领域的重要起点，显示了其广泛的适用性和前瞻性。 Krisztián Flautner也高度评价此书，认为它不仅涵盖了基础知识，而且为研究者探索前沿领域提供了良好的基石。他肯定了新版本的更新性，使之紧密贴合当前计算机架构的关键议题，并且新引入的练习模式对于学生和教师来说更具实用性，能够更好地促进理解和实践。《计算机架构4版》是一部与时俱进的教材，不仅巩固了基础理论，还紧跟技术发展趋势，为学习者提供了一个全面且实用的学习平台。无论是在学术界还是工业界，它都是一个不可或缺的工具，助力新一代科技人才塑造未来的计算机架构世界。

Preface ■ xxi

exercises in Appendix L. Exercises are rated, to give the reader a sense of the

amount of time required to complete an exercise:

[10] Less than 5 minutes (to read and understand)

[15] 5–15 minutes for a full answer

[20] 15–20 minutes for a full answer

[25] 1 hour for a full written answer

[30] Short programming project: less than 1 full day of programming

[40] Signiﬁcant programming project: 2 weeks of elapsed time

[Discussion] Topic for discussion with others

A second set of alternative case study exercises are available for instructors

who register at textbooks.elsevier.com/0123704901. This second set will be

revised every summer, so that early every fall, instructors can download a new set

of exercises and solutions to accompany the case studies in the book.

Supplemental Materials

The accompanying CD contains a variety of resources, including the following:

■ Reference appendices—some guest authored by subject experts—covering a

range of advanced topics

■ Historical Perspectives material that explores the development of the key

ideas presented in each of the chapters in the text

■ Search engine for both the main text and the CD-only content

Additional resources are available at textbooks.elsevier.com/0123704901. The

instructor site (accessible to adopters who register at textbooks.elsevier.com)

includes:

■ Alternative case study exercises with solutions (updated yearly)

■ Instructor slides in PowerPoint

■ Figures from the book in JPEG and PPT formats

The companion site (accessible to all readers) includes:

■ Solutions to the case study exercises in the text

■ Links to related material on the Web

■ List of errata

New materials and links to other resources available on the Web will be

added on a regular basis.

xxiv ■ Acknowledgments

Appendices

Krste Asanovic, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Appendix F); Thomas

M. Conte, North Carolina State University (Appendix D); José Duato, Universi-

tat Politècnica de València and Simula (Appendix E); David Goldberg, Xerox

PARC (Appendix I); Timothy M. Pinkston, University of Southern California

(Appendix E)

Case Studies with Exercises

Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau, University of Wisconsin–Madison (Chapter 6); Remzi

H. Arpaci-Dusseau, University of Wisconsin–Madison (Chapter 6); Robert P. Col-

well, R&E Colwell & Assoc., Inc. (Chapter 2); Diana Franklin, California Poly-

technic State University, San Luis Obispo (Chapter 1); Wen-mei W. Hwu,

University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (Chapter 3); Norman P. Jouppi, HP

Labs (Chapter 5); John W. Sias, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign

(Chapter 3); David A. Wood, University of Wisconsin–Madison (Chapter 4)

Additional Material

John Mashey (geometric means and standard deviations in Chapter 1); Chenming

Hu, University of California, Berkeley (wafer costs and yield parameters in

Chapter 1); Bill Brantley and Dan Mudgett, AMD (Opteron memory hierarchy

evaluation in Chapter 5); Mendel Rosenblum, Stanford and VMware (virtual

machines in Chapter 5); Aravind Menon, EPFL Switzerland (Xen measurements

in Chapter 5); Bruce Baumgart and Brewster Kahle, Internet Archive (IA cluster

in Chapter 6); David Ford, Steve Kleiman, and Steve Miller, Network Appliances

(FX6000 information in Chapter 6); Alexander Thomasian, Rutgers (queueing

theory in Chapter 6)

Finally, a special thanks once again to Mark Smotherman of Clemson Univer-

sity, who gave a ﬁnal technical reading of our manuscript. Mark found numerous

bugs and ambiguities, and the book is much cleaner as a result.

This book could not have been published without a publisher, of course. We

wish to thank all the Morgan Kaufmann/Elsevier staff for their efforts and sup-

port. For this fourth edition, we particularly want to thank Kimberlee Honjo who

coordinated surveys, focus groups, manuscript reviews and appendices, and Nate

McFadden, who coordinated the development and review of the case studies. Our

warmest thanks to our editor, Denise Penrose, for her leadership in our continu-

ing writing saga.

We must also thank our university staff, Margaret Rowland and Cecilia

Pracher, for countless express mailings, as well as for holding down the fort at

Stanford and Berkeley while we worked on the book.

Our ﬁnal thanks go to our wives for their suffering through increasingly early

mornings of reading, thinking, and writing.

Acknowledgments ■ xxv

Contributors to Previous Editions

Reviewers

George Adams, Purdue University; Sarita Adve, University of Illinois at Urbana–

Champaign; Jim Archibald, Brigham Young University; Krste Asanovic, Massa-

chusetts Institute of Technology; Jean-Loup Baer, University of Washington;

Paul Barr, Northeastern University; Rajendra V. Boppana, University of Texas,

San Antonio; Doug Burger, University of Texas, Austin; John Burger, SGI;

Michael Butler; Thomas Casavant; Rohit Chandra; Peter Chen, University of

Michigan; the classes at SUNY Stony Brook, Carnegie Mellon, Stanford, Clem-

son, and Wisconsin; Tim Coe, Vitesse Semiconductor; Bob Colwell, Intel; David

Cummings; Bill Dally; David Douglas; Anthony Duben, Southeast Missouri

State University; Susan Eggers, University of Washington; Joel Emer; Barry

Fagin, Dartmouth; Joel Ferguson, University of California, Santa Cruz; Carl Fey-

nman; David Filo; Josh Fisher, Hewlett-Packard Laboratories; Rob Fowler,

DIKU; Mark Franklin, Washington University (St. Louis); Kourosh Gharachor-

loo; Nikolas Gloy, Harvard University; David Goldberg, Xerox Palo Alto

Research Center; James Goodman, University of Wisconsin–Madison; David

Harris, Harvey Mudd College; John Heinlein; Mark Heinrich, Stanford; Daniel

Helman, University of California, Santa Cruz; Mark Hill, University of Wiscon-

sin–Madison; Martin Hopkins, IBM; Jerry Huck, Hewlett-Packard Laboratories;

Mary Jane Irwin, Pennsylvania State University; Truman Joe; Norm Jouppi;

David Kaeli, Northeastern University; Roger Kieckhafer, University of

Nebraska; Earl Killian; Allan Knies, Purdue University; Don Knuth; Jeff Kuskin,

Stanford; James R. Larus, Microsoft Research; Corinna Lee, University of Tor-

onto; Hank Levy; Kai Li, Princeton University; Lori Liebrock, University of

Alaska, Fairbanks; Mikko Lipasti, University of Wisconsin–Madison; Gyula A.

Mago, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Bryan Martin; Norman Mat-

loff; David Meyer; William Michalson, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; James

Mooney; Trevor Mudge, University of Michigan; David Nagle, Carnegie Mellon

University; Todd Narter; Victor Nelson; Vojin Oklobdzija, University of Califor-

nia, Berkeley; Kunle Olukotun, Stanford University; Bob Owens, Pennsylvania

State University; Greg Papadapoulous, Sun; Joseph Pfeiffer; Keshav Pingali,

Cornell University; Bruno Preiss, University of Waterloo; Steven Przybylski; Jim

Quinlan; Andras Radics; Kishore Ramachandran, Georgia Institute of Technol-

ogy; Joseph Rameh, University of Texas, Austin; Anthony Reeves, Cornell Uni-

versity; Richard Reid, Michigan State University; Steve Reinhardt, University of

Michigan; David Rennels, University of California, Los Angeles; Arnold L.

Rosenberg, University of Massachusetts, Amherst; Kaushik Roy, Purdue Univer-

sity; Emilio Salgueiro, Unysis; Peter Schnorf; Margo Seltzer; Behrooz Shirazi,

Southern Methodist University; Daniel Siewiorek, Carnegie Mellon University;

J. P. Singh, Princeton; Ashok Singhal; Jim Smith, University of Wisconsin–

Madison; Mike Smith, Harvard University; Mark Smotherman, Clemson Univer-

sity; Guri Sohi, University of Wisconsin–Madison; Arun Somani, University of

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