C#3.0设计模式：加速.NET应用程序开发

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"C#3.0设计模式是针对.NET应用程序开发者的指南，旨在利用C#3.0的新特性高效解决常见的编程挑战。本书详细介绍了面向对象的设计模式，并结合实例解释如何在C#3.0中实现这些模式。此外，还提供了其他微软.NET相关的资源，如C#3.0Nutshell、C#3.0Cookbook等，以及O'Reilly的.NET书籍目录，包括样本章节和代码示例。ONDotnet.com提供独立的.NET和Web服务技术报道。O'Reilly会议则聚集创新者，推动技术发展。Safari Bookshelf在线参考图书馆为程序员和IT专业人士提供了快速解决问题的搜索功能和大量电子书资源。" C#3.0设计模式是一个关键的主题，它涵盖了软件工程中一系列经过验证的、优雅的解决方案，这些方案用于处理在开发.NET应用程序时遇到的典型问题。设计模式是一种通用的语言和框架无关的方法，它描述了在特定情况下，如何设计和实现可重用的代码结构。在C#3.0中，设计模式的应用尤为重要，因为这一版本引入了多项新特性，如 LINQ（Language Integrated Query）、匿名类型、扩展方法和自动属性等。 1. **LINQ**：LINQ允许开发者使用一致的查询语法进行数据操作，无论是数据库、XML文档还是集合。这使得代码更加简洁、易读，同时也提高了开发效率。在设计模式中，LINQ可以用于实现数据访问层的模式，如Repository模式或Unit of Work模式。 2. **匿名类型**：匿名类型在创建对象时无需指定类型名称，简化了临时数据存储。它们常用于查询表达式结果的返回，与Queryables和IEnumerables配合使用。在设计模式中，匿名类型可以作为Adapter模式的一部分，隐藏复杂数据结构的细节。 3. **扩展方法**：扩展方法允许向现有类型添加新方法，而无需继承或使用装饰器模式。这有助于保持类的封闭性和避免不必要的耦合。例如，你可以使用扩展方法来增强集合类，实现更方便的遍历或转换。 4. **自动属性**：自动属性简化了属性声明，减少了样板代码，使类更易于维护。在实现Builder模式或Factory模式时，自动属性可以减少创建对象的复杂性。除此之外，书中可能还会涵盖一些经典的设计模式，如单例模式、工厂模式、观察者模式、装饰器模式、适配器模式、策略模式、命令模式等。这些模式可以帮助开发者编写出灵活、可扩展和可维护的代码。通过深入理解和应用这些模式，开发者能够提升.NET应用程序的质量和性能，同时降低维护成本。相关资源如C#3.0 in a Nutshell和Programming C#3.0提供了更全面的C#语言和框架的学习材料，而Head First Design Patterns则以易于理解的方式介绍了设计模式的基础。ONDotnet.com和O'Reilly的.NET Books Resource Center提供了持续更新的技术资讯和学习资源，Safari Bookshelf则是获取即时技术解答和在线阅读的宝贵平台。

Preface2

Why I Wrote This Book

In 2002, Microsoft Research hosted an international meeting in Cambridge, U.K., to

reveal its Rotor system, which would bring C# and .NET to non-Windows program-

mers. Once back home, writing software, papers, and a book on the topic, I came to

realize that we had witnessed the beginning of a real revolution in programming.

Since the advent of Java in 1996, programming had become platform-independent:

with Java byte-code, programs could run anywhere. This independence, however,

extended only to programs written in the Java language. .NET, on the other hand,

was language-independent: it allowed programs in different languages to interact,

but, up until that day, only on Windows.

In the ensuing five years, new platforms have come to support .NET (Mono, for

example) and new hardware has come to support Intel chips (on which Windows

runs). The result is that .NET now runs almost anywhere. Consequently, expertise in

C# programming is a very transportable skill to acquire. But C# keeps improving as

a language, and we are currently at the beginning of a new leap forward into C# 3.0,

which offers enormous benefits in terms of productivity and ease of programming.

Having already written an introductory C# text in 2003,

I realized that the benefits

of the new features announced now in 2007, four years later, would be felt at a much

more advanced level of software development. I wanted to write a second book that

introduced C# 3.0 to developers who already knew the basic language—but what

would be the formula that could introduce a language and address a reader’s needs

of precision, examples, and a heavy dose of reality?

Enter design patterns. Design patterns encapsulate common, accepted, and proven

ways of using language features together. They form a level of discourse at a higher

plane, and they exercise and promote good programming practices. However, there

is an element of unreality surrounding design patterns, and one gets the impression

* Judith Bishop and Nigel Horspool, C# Concisely (Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley, 2003).

xvi

Preface

that they are more talked about than used. I wanted to change that and make design

patterns really accessible to ordinary programmers, using the best language for them:

C# 3.0. The result is this book.

Who This Book Is For

If you are a programmer who loves your code, for whom every line has a precise

meaning and every feature has a correct place, this book is for you. It will help you

with your primary job of making your code correct, elegant, extensible, and effi-

cient. If you serve the business ends of your organization by focusing on the quality

of your code, you need a book like C# 3.0 Design Patterns. Knowledge about design

patterns is also a big step forward for those working up from low-level programmers

to software engineers and architects.

Through reading this book, you will acquire skills in:

• Programming design patterns

• Basic UML modeling notation for representing patterns

• Selecting patterns appropriate for given scenarios and comparing alternative

implementations

• Using advanced language features of C# 3.0 to realize patterns efficiently and

elegantly

Although not written as a textbook, C# 3.0 Design Patterns could fit in very well for

a mid-degree course on design patterns or advanced programming.

The diagrams and code for all the patterns and associated examples and case studies

in this book can be found on the book’s web site, http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/

9780596527730.

What You Need to Know

This book is for programmers who know how to program in C# 1.0 or Java 1.4 and

who would like to move on to the more modern features of the latest language. All

the new features of C# 3.0, as well as many novel features from C# 2.0, are intro-

duced by example and summarized in sidebars for easy reference. Thus, the book

serves as a programmers’ guide as well.

The book does not assume any acquaintance with design patterns. It covers the full

set of 23 patterns that were originally proposed in Erich Gamma, Richard Helm,

Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides’s Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-

Oriented Software in 1994 and now form a common introductory base to the pat-

terns that are emerging in many other domains (such as security, concurrency, and

architectural design). At the end of the book, the reader will have a thorough

grounding in design patterns as they are commonly understood.

Preface

xvii

How This Book Is Organized

After the introduction in Chapter 1, the book takes a tour through the 23 core design

patterns. Each chapter discusses two or three patterns, chosen because they have

some common applicability and can be compared at the end of the chapter. The pat-

terns are subdivided into three groups: structural, creational, and behavioral.

We begin with the structural patterns, studying the Decorator, Proxy, and Bridge

patterns in Chapter 2; the Composite and Flyweight patterns in Chapter 3; and the

Adapter and Façade patterns in Chapter 4. We then move on to the creational pat-

terns, exploring the Prototype, Factory Method, and Singleton patterns in Chapter 5

and the Abstract Factory and Builder patterns in Chapter 6. The last four chapters

deal with the largest category, the behavioral patterns: Chapter 7 focuses on the

Strategy, State, and Template Method patterns; Chapter 8 on the Chain of Responsi-

bility and Command patterns; Chapter 9 on the Iterator, Mediator, and Observer

patterns; and Chapter 10 on the Visitor, Interpreter, and Memento patterns.

Our discussion of each pattern will consist of the following parts:

Role

A short, high-level description of the pattern and what it is meant to achieve

Illustration

An example of where the pattern might be used in programming a modern com-

puter system, illustrating a real-world context with a photo or diagram to help

you remember the pattern

Design

An identification of the interconnected players in the pattern and their roles,

explained in a UML diagram, with links back to the key players in the

illustration

Implementation

A stepwise refinement development of a short program that illustrates the pat-

tern using the terms introduced in the “Design” section

Example

A second program that gives an example of the pattern, usually in terms of the

illustrative example, where the programming moves away from a strict adher-

ence to the pattern terms

Use

A discussion of real-world scenarios where the pattern might be used, ending

with a table listing the conditions that would make its use applicable

Exercises

A list of exercises of differing degrees of difficulty designed to enhance your

understanding of the pattern under discussion

xviii

Preface

At the end of each chapter you will find a comparison of the patterns discussed

therein and a discussion of how they fit in with those that have gone before.

The ordering of the patterns has been carefully chosen so as to represent a gradual

progression in C# 3.0 maturity. Implementing the earlier patterns in each section

requires very little that is not available in C# 1.0, while the later patterns are more

sophisticated in their implementation and take advantage of more advanced features

present in C# 3.0. This approach allows new features to be introduced inline, as they

become relevant, rather than all at once at the start or end of the text.

This book is not intended to be a reference guide to the whole of C# or even C# 3.0,

but rather to be a practical guide to using the most interesting features of the lan-

guage. Although the emphasis is on developments in the most recent version, I also

pick out some features of C# 1.0 and 2.0 that I think are really useful but that are

not often employed in code. The list of C# features explicitly covered follows this

Preface.

Special features of this book include:

• Pictorial illustrations of patterns, to help you focus on the meaning of what each

pattern can accomplish in real life

• Quizzes that relate the illustrations to the UML diagrams

• Uncluttered “theory” code that can be adapted to many situations

• Tables that give guidance on when to choose a specific pattern

• Comparison tables for patterns that are similar, showing how they differ

• Lists of the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of each pattern

• Challenges and exercises to help you take your knowledge further

What You Need to Use This Book

To run the programs in this book, you need:

• A computer that will run Windows XP or Vista. Compatible platforms are any

PC or Intel-based Mac with a virtual machine.

• Microsoft’s .NET Framework 3.5. As of October 2007, this version is still in Beta

2, but it is very stable now. It is available at http://www.microsoft.com/downloads.

• A program editor or programming environment. Visual Studio 2008 is an ideal

companion to C# 3.0 programming, but it is not essential.

• The C# 3.0 reference documentation, available on the Microsoft web site (http://

msdn2.microsoft.com/vcsharp, 529 pages).

All the programs in this book were prepared on an iMac Intel Core 2 Duo running

Mac OS X 10.4 and 5 (Tiger and Leopard) and Windows XP on top of the Parallels

virtual machine. The editor used was SciTE.

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