Java初学者与开发者的必读宝典：Cookbook指南

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xiv | Table of Contents

24.9 Background Saving in an Editor 713

24.10 Program: Threaded Network Server 714

24.11 Simplifying Servers Using the Concurrency Utilities (JDK 1.5) 722

25. Introspection, or “A Class Named Class”

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

725

25.1 Getting a Class Descriptor 726

25.2 Finding and Using Methods and Fields 727

25.3 Loading and Instantiating a Class Dynamically 731

25.4 Constructing a Class from Scratch 733

25.5 Performance Timing 734

25.6 Printing Class Information 737

25.7 Program: CrossRef 739

25.8 Program: AppletViewer 745

26. Using Java with Other Languages

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

752

26.1 Running a Program 752

26.2 Running a Program and Capturing Its Output 755

26.3 Mixing Java and Scripts with BSF 759

26.4 Marrying Java and Perl 763

26.5 Blending in Native Code (C/C++) 767

26.6 Calling Java from Native Code 773

26.7 Program: DBM 773

Afterword

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

777

Index

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

779

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This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

Preface

Preface to the Second Edition

JDK 1.5, code-named Tiger, is an exciting change to the Java landscape. It intro-

duces several major new facilities, such as generic types for better data structuring,

metadata for annotating Java™ classes in a flexible but well-defined manner, new

pattern-based mechanisms for reading data, and a new mechanism for formatted

printing. In addition, a much larger number of smaller but important changes add up

to a new release that is a must for Java developers. It will be quite some time before

these mechanisms are fully understood and in wide circulation, but you will want to

know about them right away.

I wrote in the Afterword to the first edition that “writing this book has been a hum-

bling experience.” I should add that maintaining it has been humbling, too. While

many reviewers and writers have been lavish with their praise—one very kind

reviewer called it “arguably the best book ever written on the Java programming lan-

guage”—I have been humbled by the number of errors and omissions in the first edi-

tion. In preparing this edition, I have endeavored to correct these.

At the same time I have added a number of new recipes and removed a smaller num-

ber of old ones. The largest single addition is Chapter 8, which covers generic types

and enumerations, features that provide increased flexibility for containers such as

Java Collections. Now that Java includes a regular expressions API, Chapter 4 has

been converted from the Apache Regular Expressions API to JDK 1.4 Regular

Expressions.

I have somewhat hesitantly removed the chapter on Network Web, including the

JabaDot Web Portal Site program. This was the longest single program example in the

book, and it was showing signs of needing considerable refactoring (in fact, it needed

a complete rewrite). In writing such a web site today, one would make much greater

use of JSP tags, and almost certainly use a web site framework such as Struts (http://

jakarta.apache.org/struts), SOFIA (http://www.salmonllc.com/), or the Spring Frame-

work (http://www.springframework.org/) to eliminate a lot of the tedious coding. Or,

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This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

xvi

Preface

you might use an existing package such as the Java Lobby’s JLCP. Material on Serv-

lets and JavaServer pages can be found in O’Reilly’s Java Servlet & JSP Cookbook

by Bruce W. Perry. Information on Struts itself can be found in Chuck Cavaness’s

Programming Jakarta Struts (O’Reilly). Information on SOAP-based web services is

included in O’Reilly’s Java Web Services by Dave Chappell and Tyler Jewell, so this

topic is not covered here.

While I’ve tested the examples on a variety of systems and provide Ant scripts to

rebuild everything, I did most of the new development and writing for this edition

using Mac OS X, which truly is “Unix for the masses,” and which provides one of the

best-supported out-of-the-box Java experiences. Mac OS X Java does, however, suf-

fer a little from “new version lag” and, since 1.5 was not available for the Mac by the

time this edition went to press, the JDK 1.5 material was developed and tested on

Linux and Windows.

I wish to express my heartfelt thanks to all who sent in both comments and criti-

cisms of the book after the first English edition was in print. Special mention must be

made of one of the book’s German translators,

Gisbert Selke, who read the first edi-

tion cover to cover during its translation and clarified my English. Gisbert did it all

over again for the second edition and provided many code refactorings, which have

made this a far better book than it would be otherwise. Going beyond the call of

duty, Gisbert even contributed one recipe (Recipe 26.4) and revised some of the

other recipes in the same chapter. Thank you, Gisbert! The second edition also bene-

fited from comments by Jim Burgess, who read large parts of the book. Comments

on individual chapters were received from Jonathan Fuerth, Kim Fowler, Marc Loy,

and Mike McCloskey. My wife Betty and teenaged children each proofread several

chapters as well.

The following people contributed significant bug reports or suggested improvements

from the first edition: Rex Bosma, Rod Buchanan, John Chamberlain, Keith Gold-

man, Gilles-Philippe Gregoire, B. S. Hughes, Jeff Johnston, Rob Konigsberg, Tom

Murtagh, Jonathan O’Connor, Mark Petrovic, Steve Reisman, Bruce X. Smith, and

Patrick Wohlwend. My thanks to all of them, and my apologies to anybody I’ve

missed.

My thanks to the good guys behind the O’Reilly “bookquestions” list for fielding so

many questions. Thanks to Mike Loukides, Deb Cameron, and Marlowe Shaeffer for

editorial and production work on the second edition.

* The first edition is available today in English, German, French, Polish, Russian, Korean, Traditional Chinese,

and Simplified Chinese. My thanks to all the translators for their efforts in making the book available to a

wider audience.

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This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

Preface

xvii

Preface to the First Edition

If you know a little Java, great. If you know more Java, even better! This book is ideal

for anyone who knows some Java and wants to learn more. If you don’t know any

Java yet, you should start with one of the more introductory books from O’Reilly,

such as Head First Java or Learning Java if you’re new to this family of languages, or

Java in a Nutshell if you’re an experienced C programmer.

I started programming in C in 1980 while working at the University of Toronto, and

C served me quite well through the 1980s and into the 1990s. In 1995, as the nascent

language Oak was being renamed Java, I had the good fortune to be told about it by

my colleague J. Greg Davidson. I sent an email to the address Greg provided, and got

this mail back from James Gosling, Java’s inventor, in March 1995:

> Hi. A friend told me about WebRunner(?), your extensible network

> browser. It and Oak(?) its extension language, sounded neat. Can

> you please tell me if it's available for play yet, and/or if any

> papers on it are available for FTP?

Check out http://java.sun.com

(oak got renamed to java and webrunner got renamed to

hotjava to keep the lawyers happy)

I downloaded HotJava and began to play with it. At first I wasn’t sure about this

newfangled language, which looked like a mangled C/C++. I wrote test and demo

programs, sticking them a few at a time into a directory that I called javasrc to keep it

separate from my C source (because often the programs would have the same name).

And as I learned more about Java, I began to see its advantages for many kinds of

work, such as the automatic memory reclaim and the elimination of pointer

calculations. The javasrc directory kept growing. I wrote a Java course for Learning

Tree,

and the directory grew faster, reaching the point where it needed subdirecto-

ries. Even then, it became increasingly difficult to find things, and it soon became

evident that some kind of documentation was needed.

In a sense, this book is the result of a high-speed collision between my javasrc direc-

tory and a documentation framework established for another newcomer language. In

O’Reilly’s Perl Cookbook, Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington worked out a

very successful design, presenting the material in small, focused articles called “reci-

pes.” The original model for such a book is, of course, the familiar kitchen cook-

book. Using the term “cookbook” to refer to an enumeration of how-to recipes

relating to computers has a long history. On the software side, Donald Knuth

applied the “cookbook” analogy to his book The Art of Computer Programming

(Addison Wesley), first published in 1968. On the hardware side, Don Lancaster

* One of the world’s leading high-tech, vendor-independent training companies; see http://www.learningtree.

com/.

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This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

xviii

Preface

wrote The TTL Cookbook (Sams, 1974). (Transistor-transistor logic, or TTL, was the

small-scale building block of electronic circuits at the time.) Tom and Nathan

worked out a successful variation on this, and I recommend their book for anyone

who wishes to, as they put it, “learn more Perl.” Indeed, the work you are now read-

ing strives to be the book for the person who wishes to “learn more Java.”

The code in each recipe is intended to be largely self-contained; feel free to borrow

bits and pieces of any of it for use in your own projects. The code is distributed with

a Berkeley-style copyright, just to discourage wholesale reproduction.

Who This Book Is For

I’m going to assume that you know the basics of Java. I won’t tell you how to

println a string and a number at the same time, or how to write a class that extends

Applet and prints your name in the window. I’ll presume you’ve taken a Java course

or studied an introductory book such as O’Reilly’s Head First Java, Learning Java,or

Java in a Nutshell. However, Chapter 1 covers some techniques that you might not

know very well and that are necessary to understand some of the later material. Feel

free to skip around! Both the printed version of the book and the electronic copy are

heavily cross-referenced.

What’s in This Book?

Unlike my Perl colleagues Tom and Nathan, I don’t have to spend as much time on

the oddities and idioms of the language; Java is refreshingly free of strange quirks.

But that doesn’t mean it’s trivial to learn well! If it were, there’d be no need for this

book. My main approach, then, is to concentrate on the Java APIs. I’ll teach you by

example what the APIs are and what they are good for.

Like Perl, Java is a language that grows on you and with you. And, I confess, I use

Java most of the time nowadays. Things I’d once done in C are now—except for

device drivers and legacy systems—done in Java.

But Java is suited to a different range of tasks than Perl. Perl (and other scripting lan-

guages, such as awk and Python) are particularly suited to the “one-liner” utility

task. As Tom and Nathan show, Perl excels at things like printing the 42nd line from

a file. While it can certainly do these things, Java, because it is a compiled, object-

oriented language, seems more suited to “development in the large” or enterprise

applications development. Indeed, much of the API material added in Java 2 was

aimed at this type of development. However, I will necessarily illustrate many tech-

niques with shorter examples and even code fragments. Be assured that every line of

code you see here has been compiled and run.

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