Oracle Spatial 10g 用户指南与参考手册

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"Oracle Spatial 10g 用户指南与参考" Oracle Spatial 10g 是 Oracle 数据库的一个组件，专门用于处理和管理地理空间数据。它提供了强大的功能，包括空间索引、空间数据存储以及开发空间应用程序。此用户指南和参考手册是 10g Release 2 (10.2) 版本，出版于2006年3月，旨在为用户和开发者提供详尽的使用和参考信息。主要作者 Chuck Murray 和一系列贡献者共同编撰了这份文档，涵盖了多个方面，如空间数据的索引策略、存储机制、空间分析方法以及如何利用 Oracle Spatial 和 Oracle Locator 开发空间应用。在 Oracle Spatial 中，空间索引是关键组成部分，它允许快速有效地查询和操作大量空间数据。例如，GIST（Geometry Indexing for Spatial Types）和 R-Tree 索引等技术被广泛应用于空间数据的检索，以提高查询性能。同时，该系统支持多种空间数据格式，如 WKT（Well-Known Text）、WKB（Well-Known Binary）和 GML（Geography Markup Language）。 Oracle Locator 是 Oracle Spatial 的一个轻量级版本，适用于那些不需要高级空间分析功能但需要处理地理位置信息的场景。它提供了基本的空间操作，如距离计算、覆盖检查和几何对象的布尔运算。此外，文档中还会详细解释如何进行空间数据的导入和导出，以及如何与 Oracle 的其他数据库特性集成，如事务管理、备份和恢复策略。开发者可以利用提供的 API 和 SQL 函数来构建空间数据库应用，支持GIS（Geographic Information System）功能，如地图渲染、空间查询和空间关系分析。安全性也是 Oracle Spatial 10g 的一个重要方面。文档会涵盖如何设置权限、角色和访问控制，确保只有授权的用户和应用程序可以访问和修改空间数据。最后，这份参考手册遵循了版权和许可协议，强调了对程序源代码的反向工程、拆解或反编译的限制，除非是为了与其他独立创建的软件实现互操作性，或是根据法律规定。 "Oracle Spatial 10g 用户指南与参考" 是一个全面的资源，为用户和开发人员提供了在 Oracle 环境下管理和操作地理空间数据所需的所有信息，是学习和应用 Oracle Spatial 技术的重要参考资料。

xvi

List of Figures

1–1 Geometric Types ......................................................................................................................... 1-4

1–2 Query Model................................................................................................................................ 1-8

1–3 MBR Enclosing a Geometry....................................................................................................... 1-9

1–4 R-Tree Hierarchical Index on MBRs...................................................................................... 1-10

1–5 The Nine-Intersection Model ................................................................................................. 1-11

1–6 Topological Relationships....................................................................................................... 1-12

1–7 Distance Buffers for Points, Lines, and Polygons................................................................ 1-13

1–8 Tolerance in an Aggregate Union Operation....................................................................... 1-15

2–1 Areas of Interest for the Simple Example................................................................................ 2-2

2–2 Rectangle ................................................................................................................................... 2-15

2–3 Polygon with a Hole................................................................................................................ 2-16

2–4 Compound Line String............................................................................................................ 2-18

2–5 Compound Polygon ................................................................................................................ 2-19

2–6 Point-Only Geometry .............................................................................................................. 2-20

2–7 Oriented Point Geometry........................................................................................................ 2-22

2–8 Geometry with Type 0 (Zero) Element................................................................................. 2-24

4–1 Geometries with MBRs .............................................................................................................. 4-7

4–2 Layer with a Query Window .................................................................................................... 4-7

7–1 Geometric Segment..................................................................................................................... 7-2

7–2 Describing a Point Along a Segment with a Measure and an Offset .................................. 7-3

7–3 Measures, Distances, and Their Mapping Relationship........................................................ 7-4

7–4 Measure Populating of a Geometric Segment ........................................................................ 7-4

7–5 Measure Populating with Disproportional Assigned Measures ......................................... 7-4

7–6 Linear Feature, Geometric Segments, and LRS Points.......................................................... 7-5

7–7 Creating a Geometric Segment ................................................................................................. 7-6

7–8 Defining a Geometric Segment ................................................................................................. 7-8

7–9 Redefining a Geometric Segment ............................................................................................. 7-9

7–10 Clipping, Splitting, and Concatenating Geometric Segments.............................................. 7-9

7–11 Measure Assignment in Geometric Segment Operations.................................................. 7-10

7–12 Segment Direction with Concatenation................................................................................ 7-11

7–13 Scaling a Geometric Segment................................................................................................. 7-11

7–14 Offsetting a Geometric Segment............................................................................................ 7-12

7–15 Locating a Point Along a Segment with a Measure and an Offset................................... 7-12

7–16 Ambiguity in Location Referencing with Offsets................................................................ 7-13

7–17 Multiple Projection Points ...................................................................................................... 7-13

7–18 Conversion from Standard to LRS Line String.................................................................... 7-14

7–19 Segment for Clip Operation Affected by Tolerance............................................................ 7-15

7–20 Simplified LRS Example: Highway....................................................................................... 7-16

8–1 Spatial Mining and Oracle Data Mining.................................................................................. 8-2

15–1 Arc Tolerance............................................................................................................................ 15-7

15–2 SDO_GEOM.SDO_DIFFERENCE ....................................................................................... 15-18

15–3 SDO_GEOM.SDO_INTERSECTION .................................................................................. 15-22

15–4 SDO_GEOM.SDO_UNION.................................................................................................. 15-34

15–5 SDO_GEOM.SDO_XOR........................................................................................................ 15-36

16–1 Translating a Geometric Segment ....................................................................................... 16-78

20–1 Simplification of a Geometry ............................................................................................... 20-32

C–1 Basic Flow of Action with the Spatial Routing Engine......................................................... C-1

xvii

List of Tables

2–1 Valid SDO_GTYPE Values ....................................................................................................... 2-6

2–2 Values and Semantics in SDO_ELEM_INFO......................................................................... 2-9

2–3 SDO_GEOMETRY Methods.................................................................................................. 2-11

2–4 Columns in the xxx_SDO_INDEX_INFO Views................................................................ 2-32

2–5 Columns in the xxx_SDO_INDEX_METADATA Views .................................................. 2-32

2–6 Columns in an R-Tree Spatial Index Data Table ................................................................ 2-34

5–1 Attributes for Formal Address Representation..................................................................... 5-1

5–2 Match Modes for Geocoding Operations ............................................................................... 5-2

5–3 Match Codes for Geocoding Operations ................................................................................ 5-3

5–4 Geocoded Address Error Message Interpretation ................................................................ 5-4

5–5 SDO_GEO_ADDR Type Attributes......................................................................................... 5-5

5–6 GC_AREA_<suffix> Table..................................................................................................... 5-10

5–7 GC_COUNTRY_PROFILE Table.......................................................................................... 5-11

5–8 GC_INTERSECTION_<suffix> Table .................................................................................. 5-13

5–9 GC_POI_<suffix> Table......................................................................................................... 5-14

5–10 GC_POSTAL_CODE_<suffix> Table................................................................................... 5-15

5–11 GC_ROAD_<suffix> Table.................................................................................................... 5-16

5–12 GC_ROAD_SEGMENT_<suffix> Table .............................................................................. 5-18

6–1 SDO_COORD_AXES Table ...................................................................................................... 6-9

6–2 SDO_COORD_AXIS_NAMES Table ...................................................................................... 6-9

6–3 SDO_COORD_OP_METHODS Table..................................................................................... 6-9

6–4 SDO_COORD_OP_PARAM_USE Table............................................................................. 6-10

6–5 SDO_COORD_OP_PARAM_VALS Table .......................................................................... 6-10

6–6 SDO_COORD_OP_PARAMS Table..................................................................................... 6-11

6–7 SDO_COORD_OP_PATHS Table......................................................................................... 6-11

6–8 SDO_COORD_OPS Table...................................................................................................... 6-12

6–9 SDO_COORD_REF_SYS Table ............................................................................................. 6-13

6–10 SDO_COORD_SYS Table....................................................................................................... 6-15

6–11 SDO_CRS_COMPOUND View ............................................................................................ 6-15

6–12 SDO_CRS_ENGINEERING View ........................................................................................ 6-16

6–13 SDO_CRS_GEOCENTRIC View........................................................................................... 6-16

6–14 SDO_CRS_GEOGRAPHIC2D View..................................................................................... 6-17

6–15 SDO_CRS_GEOGRAPHIC3D View..................................................................................... 6-17

6–16 SDO_CRS_PROJECTED View .............................................................................................. 6-18

6–17 SDO_CRS_VERTICAL View................................................................................................. 6-19

6–18 SDO_DATUM_ENGINEERING View ................................................................................ 6-19

6–19 SDO_DATUM_GEODETIC View ........................................................................................ 6-20

6–20 SDO_DATUM_VERTICAL View......................................................................................... 6-20

6–21 SDO_DATUMS Table............................................................................................................. 6-21

6–22 SDO_ELLIPSOIDS Table ....................................................................................................... 6-22

6–23 SDO_PREFERRED_OPS_SYSTEM Table............................................................................ 6-23

6–24 SDO_PREFERRED_OPS_USER Table ................................................................................. 6-24

6–25 SDO_PRIME_MERIDIANS Table ........................................................................................ 6-24

6–26 SDO_UNITS_OF_MEASURE Table..................................................................................... 6-24

6–27 MDSYS.CS_SRS Table ............................................................................................................ 6-26

6–28 MDSYS.SDO_ANGLE_UNITS View ................................................................................... 6-29

6–29 SDO_AREA_UNITS View ..................................................................................................... 6-30

6–30 MDSYS.SDO_DATUMS_OLD_FORMAT and SDO_DATUMS_OLD_SNAPSHOT Tables..

6-30

6–31 MDSYS.SDO_DIST_UNITS View......................................................................................... 6-32

6–32 MDSYS.SDO_ELLIPSOIDS_OLD_FORMAT and SDO_ELLIPSOIDS_OLD_SNAPSHOT

Tables 6-33

6–33 MDSYS.SDO_PROJECTIONS_OLD_FORMAT and SDO_PROJECTIONS_OLD_

xviii

SNAPSHOT Tables 6-34

7–1 Highway Features and LRS Counterparts .......................................................................... 7-16

10–1 Spatial Index Creation and Usage Statements.................................................................... 10-1

11–1 Main Spatial Operators .......................................................................................................... 11-1

11–2 Convenience Operators for SDO_RELATE Operations.................................................... 11-1

11–3 params Keywords for the SDO_JOIN Operator............................................................... 11-14

11–4 Keywords for the SDO_NN Param Parameter................................................................. 11-16

12–1 Spatial Aggregate Functions ................................................................................................. 12-1

13–1 Subprograms for Coordinate System Transformation ...................................................... 13-1

13–2 Table to Hold Transformed Layer...................................................................................... 13-39

14–1 Subprograms for Geocoding Address Data........................................................................ 14-1

15–1 Geometry Subprograms......................................................................................................... 15-1

16–1 Subprograms for Creating and Editing Geometric Segments.......................................... 16-1

16–2 Subprograms for Querying and Validating Geometric Segments................................... 16-2

16–3 Subprograms for Converting Geometric Segments........................................................... 16-3

18–1 Subprograms for Spatial Analysis and Mining .................................................................. 18-1

19–1 Tuning Subprograms.............................................................................................................. 19-1

20–1 Spatial Utility Subprograms.................................................................................................. 20-1

B–1 Spatial Features Supported for Locator................................................................................. B-2

B–2 Spatial Features Not Supported for Locator ......................................................................... B-2

B–3 Feature Availability with Standard and Enterprise Editions............................................. B-3

C–1 EDGE Table.............................................................................................................................. C-20

C–2 NODE Table............................................................................................................................. C-21

C–3 PARTITION Table .................................................................................................................. C-21

C–4 SIGN_POST Table................................................................................................................... C-22

xix

Preface

Oracle Spatial User’s Guide and Reference provides usage and reference information for

indexing and storing spatial data and for developing spatial applications using Oracle

Spatial and Oracle Locator.

Oracle Spatial requires the Enterprise Edition of Oracle Database 10g. It is a foundation

for the deployment of enterprise-wide spatial information systems, and Web-based

and wireless location-based applications requiring complex spatial data management.

Oracle Locator is a feature of the Standard and Enterprise Editions of Oracle Database

10g. It offers a subset of Oracle Spatial capabilities (see Appendix B for a list of Locator

features) typically required to support Internet and wireless service applications and

partner-based geographic information system (GIS) solutions.

The Standard and Enterprise Editions of Oracle Database 10g have the same basic

features. However, several advanced features, such as extended data types, are

available only with the Enterprise Edition, and some of these features are optional. For

example, to use Oracle Database 10g table partitioning, you must have the Enterprise

Edition and the Partitioning Option.

For information about the differences between Oracle Database 10g Standard Edition

and Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition and the features and options that are

available to you, see Oracle Database New Features.

Audience

This guide is intended for anyone who needs to store spatial data in an Oracle

database.

Documentation Accessibility

Our goal is to make Oracle products, services, and supporting documentation

accessible, with good usability, to the disabled community. To that end, our

documentation includes features that make information available to users of assistive

technology. This documentation is available in HTML format, and contains markup to

facilitate access by the disabled community. Accessibility standards will continue to

evolve over time, and Oracle is actively engaged with other market-leading

technology vendors to address technical obstacles so that our documentation can be

Note: The relational geometry model of Oracle Spatial is no longer

supported, effective with Oracle release 9.2. Only the

object-relational model is supported.

accessible to all of our customers. For more information, visit the Oracle Accessibility

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http://www.oracle.com/accessibility/

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