人工智能百科全书：理论与技术前沿

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"《人工智能百科全书》(2009)是由Juan Ramón Rabuñal Dopico、Julián Dorado de la Calle和Alejandro Pazos Sierra三位来自西班牙Coruña大学的专家编著的一本全面深入的人工智能领域参考书。这本书涵盖了理论发展、技术、技术应用等多个方面的最新进展，由出版社提供。" 本文基于《人工智能百科全书》的部分内容，将详细阐述人工智能这一领域的核心概念、发展历史、主要技术以及未来趋势。人工智能（AI）是计算机科学的一个分支，旨在创建能够模拟人类智能或自主学习的机器。自20世纪50年代以来，AI经历了多次高潮和低谷，但近年来随着大数据、云计算和计算能力的提升，AI已经取得了显著的进步。 1. **理论基础**：AI的理论基础包括逻辑推理、知识表示、机器学习、神经网络、自然语言处理（NLP）、计算机视觉等。逻辑推理是AI的基础，它使机器能够通过规则进行决策。知识表示则涉及如何在计算机系统中存储和处理信息。机器学习和深度学习是现代AI的核心，它们让计算机可以通过数据自我改进。 2. **技术与应用**：AI技术广泛应用于各个领域，如自动驾驶、语音识别、图像识别、医疗诊断、金融预测等。其中，机器学习算法如支持向量机（SVM）、随机森林（Random Forest）和深度学习中的卷积神经网络（CNN）和循环神经网络（RNN）等，都在各自的领域取得了突破性进展。 3. **伦理与社会影响**：随着AI的发展，其伦理问题和社会影响也日益受到关注。隐私保护、数据安全、就业结构变化、人工智能决策的透明度和责任归属等问题需要全球范围内进行讨论和解决。 4. **未来趋势**：AI的未来将更加侧重于跨学科融合，如AI与生物医学、环境科学、材料科学等领域的结合。此外，强人工智能（AGI）和超人工智能（ASI）的概念激发了科研人员对机器超越人类智能可能性的探索。 5. **教育与研究**：教育系统也在适应这一变化，许多大学开设了AI专业和课程，培养具备AI技能的新一代人才。同时，研究者们正努力创建更开放、可重复的研究环境，以推动AI领域的持续创新。《人工智能百科全书》是一部详尽的参考书，它提供了人工智能领域的广泛知识，不仅适合研究人员和从业者，也是对AI感兴趣的一般读者的宝贵资源。随着技术的不断进步，AI将继续影响和改变我们的生活。

Ambient Intelligence / Fariba Sadri, Imperial College London, UK; and Kostas Stathis,

Royal Holloway, University of London, UK ......................................................................................................85

Ambient Intelligence Environments / Carlos Ramos, Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal .....................................92

Analytics for Noisy Unstructured Text Data I / Shourya Roy, IBM Research, India Research Lab, India;

and L. Venkata Subramaniam, IBM Research, India Research Lab, India........................................................99

Analytics for Noisy Unstructured Text Data II / L. Venkata Subramaniam, IBM Research, India Research

Lab, India; and Shourya Roy, IBM Research, India Research Lab, India.......................................................105

Angiographic Images Segmentation Techniques / Francisco J. Nóvoa, University of A Coruña, Spain;

Alberto Curra, University of A Coruña, Spain; M. Gloria López, University of A Coruña, Spain; and

Virginia Mato, University of A Coruña, Spain .................................................................................................110

ANN Application in the Field of Structural Concrete / Juan L. Pérez, University of A Coruña, Spain;

Mª Isabel Martínez, University of A Coruña, Spain; and Manuel F. Herrador, University of A

Coruña, Spain ..................................................................................................................................................118

ANN Development with EC Tools: An Overview / Daniel Rivero, University of A Coruña, Spain;

and Juan Ramón Rabuñal Dopico, University of A Coruña, Spain .................................................................125

ANN-Based Defects’ Diagnosis of Industrial Optical Devices / Matthieu Voiry, University of Paris,

France & SAGEM REOSC, France; Véronique Amarger, University of Paris, France; Joel Bernier,

SAGEM REOSC, France; and Kurosh Madani, University of Paris, France .................................................131

Articial Intelligence and Education / Eduardo Sánchez, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain;

and Manuel Lama, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain ..................................................................138

Articial Intelligence and Rubble-Mound Breakwater Stability / Gregorio Iglesias Rodriquez, University of

Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Alberte Castro Ponte, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain;

Rodrigo Carballo Sanchez, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain; and Miguel Ángel Losada

Rodriguez, University of Granada, Spain ........................................................................................................144

Articial Intelligence for Information Retrieval / Thomas Mandl, University of Hildesheim, Germany ........151

Articial Intelligence in Computer-Aided Diagnosis / Paulo Eduardo Ambrósio, Santa Cruz State

University, Brazil .............................................................................................................................................157

Articial Neural Networks and Cognitive Modelling / Amanda J.C. Sharkey, University of Shefeld, UK ...161

Articial NeuroGlial Networks / Ana Belén Porto Pazos, University of A Coruña, Spain; Alberto Alvarellos

González, University of A Coruña, Spain; and Félix Montañés Pazos, University of A Coruña, Spain .........167

Association Rule Mining / Vasudha Bhatnagar, University of Delhi, India; and Sarabjeet Kochhar,

University of Delhi, India ................................................................................................................................172

Automated Cryptanalysis / Otokar Grošek, Slovak University of Technology, Slovakia; and

Pavol Zajac, Slovak University of Technology, Slovakia .................................................................................179

Automated Cryptanalysis of Classical Ciphers / Otokar Grošek, Slovak University of Technology,

Slovakia; and Pavol Zajac, Slovak University of Technology, Slovakia ..........................................................186

Automatic Classication of Impact-Echo Spectra I / Addisson Salazar, iTEAM, Polytechnic

University of Valencia, Spain; and Arturo Serrano, iTEAM, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain ......192

Automatic Classication of Impact-Echo Spectra II / Addisson Salazar, iTEAM, Polytechnic

University of Valencia, Spain; and Arturo Serrano, iTEAM, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain .......199

AVI of Surface Flaws on Manufactures I / Girolamo Fornarelli, Politecnico di Bari, Italy;

and Antonio Giaquinto, Politecnico di Bari, Italy ...........................................................................................206

AVI of Surface Flaws on Manufactures II / Girolamo Fornarelli, Politecnico di Bari, Italy;

and Antonio Giaquinto, Politecnico di Bari, Italy ...........................................................................................211

Basic Cellular Neural Networks Image Processing / J. Álvaro Fernández,

University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain .....................................................................................................218

Bayesian Neural Networks for Image Restoration / Radu Mutihac, University of Bucharest,

Romania ...........................................................................................................................................................223

Behaviour-Based Clustering of Neural Networks / María José Castro-Bleda, Universidad

Politécnica de Valencia, Spain; Salvador España-Boquera, Universidad Politécnica de

Valencia, Spain; and Francisco Zamora-Martínez, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia,

Spain ................................................................................................................................................................231

Bio-Inspired Algorithms in Bioinformatics I / José Antonio Seoane Fernández, University of

A Coruña, Spain; and Mónica Miguélez Rico, University of A Coruña, Spain ...............................................236

Bio-Inspired Algorithms in Bioinformatics II / José Antonio Seoane Fernández, University

of A Coruña, Spain; and Mónica Miguélez Rico, University of A Coruña, Spain ...........................................241

Bioinspired Associative Memories / Roberto A. Vazquez, Center for Computing Research, IPN,

Mexico; and Humberto Sossa, Center for Computing Research, IPN, Mexico ...............................................248

Bio-Inspired Dynamical Tools for Analyzing Cognition / Manuel G. Bedia, University of

Zaragoza, Spain; Juan M. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Spain; and Luis F. Castillo,

National University, Colombia ........................................................................................................................256

Biometric Security Technology / Marcos Faundez-Zanuy, Escola Universitària Politècnica de

Mataró, Spain ..................................................................................................................................................262

Blind Source Separation by ICA / Miguel A. Ferrer, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;

and Aday Tejera Santana, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain ...............................................270

Chaotic Neural Networks / Emilio Del-Moral-Hernandez, University of São Paulo, Brazil ..........................275

Class Prediction in Test Sets with Shifted Distributions / Óscar Pérez, Universidad Autónoma

de Madrid, Spain; and Manuel Sánchez-Montañés, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain .....................282

Cluster Analysis of Gene Expression Data / Alan Wee-Chung Liew, Grifth University, Australia;

Ngai-Fong Law, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; and Hong Yan, City University

of Hong Kong, Hong Kong & University of Sydney, Australia........................................................................289

Clustering Algorithm for Arbitrary Data Sets / Yu-Chen Song, Inner Mongolia University of Science

and Technology, China; and Hai-Dong Meng, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology,

China ................................................................................................................................................................297

CNS Tumor Prediction Using Gene Expression Data Part I / Atiq Islam, University of Memphis, USA;

Khan M. Iftekharuddin, University of Memphis, USA; E. Olusegun George, University of Memphis, USA;

and David J. Russomanno, University of Memphis, USA ................................................................................304

CNS Tumor Prediction Using Gene Expression Data Part II / Atiq Islam, University of Memphis, USA;

Khan M. Iftekharuddin, University of Memphis, USA; E. Olusegun George, University of Memphis, USA;

and David J. Russomanno, University of Memphis, USA ................................................................................312

Combining Classiers and Learning Mixture-of-Experts / Lei Xu, Chinese University of Hong Kong,

Hong Kong & Peking University, China; and Shun-ichi Amari, Brain Science Institute, Japan ....................318

Commonsense Knowledge Representation I / Phillip Ein-Dor, Tel-Aviv University, Israel ............................327

Commonsense Knowledge Representation II / Phillip Ein-Dor, Tel-Aviv University, Israel ..........................334

Comparative Study on E-Note-Taking, A / Shaista Rashid, University of Bradford, UK;

and Dimitris Rigas, University of Bradford, UK .............................................................................................337

Comparison of Cooling Schedules for Simulated Annealing, A / José Fernando Díaz Martín,

University of Deusto, Spain; and Jesús M. Riaño Sierra, University of Deusto, Spain ..................................344

Complex Systems Modeling by Cellular Automata / Jiří Kroc, Section Computational Science,

The University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Peter M.A. Sloot, Section Computational Science,

The University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands ..............................................................................................353

Complex-Valued Neural Networks / Tohru Nitta, AIST, Japan .......................................................................361

Component Analysis in Articial Vision / Oscar Déniz Suárez, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,

Spain; and Gloria Bueno García, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain ..................................................367

Computational Methods in Biomedical Imaging / Michele Piana, Universita’ di Verona, Italy .....................372

Computer Morphogenesis in Self-Organizing Structures / Enrique Fernández-Blanco,

University of A Coruña, Spain; and Julián Dorado, University of A Coruña, Spain ......................................377

Computer Vision for Wave Flume Experiments / Óscar Ibáñez, University of A Coruña, Spain;

and Juan Rabuñal Dopico, University of A Coruña, Spain .............................................................................383

Conditional Hazard Estimating Neural Networks / Antonio Eleuteri, Royal Liverpool University Hospital,

UK; Azzam Taktak, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK; Bertil Damato, Royal Liverpool University

Hospital, UK; Angela Douglas, Liverpool Women’s Hospital, UK; and Sarah Coupland, Royal Liverpool

University Hospital, UK ...................................................................................................................................390

Conguration / Luca Anselma, Università di Torino, Italy; and Diego Magro,

Università di Torino, Italy ................................................................................................................................396

Constraint Processing / Roman Barták, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic ................................404

Continuous ACO in a SVR Trafc Forecasting Model / Wei-Chiang Hong, Oriental Institute

of Technology, Taiwan ......................................................................................................................................410

Data Mining Fundamental Concepts and Critical Issues / John Wang, Montclair State University, USA;

Qiyang Chen, Montclair State University, USA; and James Yao, Montclair State University, USA ...............418

Data Warehousing Development and Design Methodologies / James Yao, Montclair State University,

USA; and John Wang, Montclair State University, USA .................................................................................424

Decision Making in Intelligent Agents / Mats Danielson, Stockholm University, Sweden &

Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden; and Love Ekenberg, Stockholm University, Sweden &

Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden .............................................................................................................431

Decision Tree Applications for Data Modelling / Man Wai Lee, Brunel University, UK;

Kyriacos Chrysostomou, Brunel University, UK; Sherry Y. Chen, Brunel University, UK; and

Xiaohui Liu, Brunel University, UK .................................................................................................................437

Dempster-Shafer Theory, The / Malcolm J. Beynon, Cardiff University, UK .................................................443

Dependency Parsing: Recent Advances / Ruket Çakıcı, University of Edinburgh, UK ...................................449

Designing Unsupervised Hierarchical Fuzzy Logic Systems / M. Mohammadian,

University of Canberra, Australia ...................................................................................................................456

Developmental Robotics / Max Lungarella, University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Gabriel Gómez,

University of Zurich, Switzerland ....................................................................................................................464

Device-Level Majority von Neumann Multiplexing / Valeriu Beiu, United Arab Emirates University,

UAE; Walid Ibrahim, United Arab Emirates University, UAE; and Sanja Lazarova-Molnar, United Arab

Emirates University, UAE ................................................................................................................................471

Different Approaches for Cooperation with Metaheuristics / José M. Cadenas, Universidad de

Murcia, Spain; Mª Carmen Garrido, Universidad de Murcia, Spain; Enrique Muñoz, Universidad

de Murcia, Spain; Carlos Cruz-Corona, Universidad de Granada, Spain; David A. Pelta,

Universidad de Granada, Spain; and José L. Verdegay, Universidad de Granada, Spain .............................480

Differential Evolution with Self-Adaptation / Janez Brest, University of Maribor, Slovenia .........................488

Discovering Mappings Between Ontologies / Vikram Sorathia, Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of

Information and Communication Technology, India; and Anutosh Maitra, Dhirubhai Ambani Institute

of Information and Communication Technology, India ...................................................................................494

Disk-Based Search / Stefan Edelkamp, University of Dortmund, Germany; and Shahid Jabbar,

University of Dortmund, Germany ..................................................................................................................501

Distributed Constraint Reasoning / Marius C. Silaghi, Florida Insitute of Technology, USA;

and Makoto Yokoo, Kyushu University, Japan ................................................................................................507

Distributed Representation of Compositional Structure / Simon D. Levy, Washington and Lee

University, USA ................................................................................................................................................514

EA Multi-Model Selection for SVM / Gilles Lebrun, University of Caen Basse-Normandie,

France; Olivier Lezoray, University of Caen Basse-Normandie, France; Christophe Charrier,

University of Caen Basse-Normandie, France; and Hubert Cardot, University François-Rabelais

of Tours, France ...............................................................................................................................................520

EC Techniques in the Structural Concrete Field / Juan L. Pérez, University of A Coruña, Spain; Belén

González-Fonteboa, University of A Coruña, Spain; and Fernando Martínez Abella,

University of A Coruña, Spain .........................................................................................................................526

E-Learning in New Technologies / Nieves Pedreira, University of A Coruña, Spain;

José Ramón Méndez Salgueiro, University of A Coruña, Spain; and Manuel Martínez Carballo,

University of A Coruña, Spain .........................................................................................................................532

Emerging Applications in Immersive Technologies / Darryl N. Davis, University of Hull, UK;

and Paul M. Chapman, University of Hull, UK ...............................................................................................536

Emulating Subjective Criteria in Corpus Validation / Ignasi Iriondo, Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain;

Santiago Planet, Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain; Francesc Alías, Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain;

Joan-Claudi Socoró, Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain; and Elisa Martínez, Universitat Ramon Llull,

Spain ................................................................................................................................................................541

Volume II

Energy Minimizing Active Models in Articial Vision / Gloria Bueno García, University of

Castilla – La Mancha, Spain; Antonio Martínez, University of Castilla – La Mancha, Spain;

Roberto González, University of Castilla – La Mancha, Spain; and Manuel Torres,

University of Castilla – La Mancha, Spain ......................................................................................................547

Ensemble of ANN for Trafc Sign Recognition / M. Paz Sesmero Lorente, Universidad Carlos III

de Madrid, Spain; Juan Manuel Alonso-Weber, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain;

Germán Gutiérrez Sánchez, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain; Agapito Ledezma Espino,

Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain; and Araceli Sanchis de Miguel, Universidad Carlos

III de Madrid, Spain .........................................................................................................................................554

Ensemble of SVM Classiers for Spam Filtering / Ángela Blanco, Universidad Ponticia de

Salamanca, Spain; and Manuel Martín-Merino, Universidad Ponticia de Salamanca, Spain .....................561

Evolutionary Algorithms in Discredibility Detection / Bohumil Sulc, Czech Technical University

in Prague, Czech Republic; and David Klimanek, Czech Technical University in Prague,

Czech Republic .................................................................................................................................................567

Evolutionary Approaches for ANNs Design / Antonia Azzini, University of Milan, Italy; and

Andrea G.B. Tettamanzi, University of Milan, Italy.........................................................................................575

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人工智能百科全书：理论与技术前沿

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