《iOS编程：The Big Nerd Ranch Guide第三版》精华概览

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"IOS编程第三版 - Joe Conway & Aron Hillegass" 《iOS编程：The Big Nerd Ranch Guide》是iOS开发领域的经典教材，由Joe Conway和Aron Hillegass两位作者共同撰写。这本书主要面向希望学习和掌握iOS应用程序开发的读者，尤其适合初学者。书中以实践为导向，通过一系列的编程练习和项目，让读者深入理解Objective-C和Swift语言，以及Apple的Xcode集成开发环境（IDE）。在第三版中，作者可能已经更新了与最新版本的iOS SDK和Xcode相匹配的内容，确保读者可以学习到最新的开发技术和最佳实践。这包括对Swift编程语言的深度讲解，因为Swift自发布以来已成为iOS开发的主要语言。此外，书中可能涵盖了诸如Auto Layout、Cocoa Touch框架、Core Data持久化存储、网络编程、动画、用户界面设计等关键话题。书中可能会强调Apple的设计原则和Human Interface Guidelines (HIG)，这是创建高质量、用户体验良好的iOS应用的关键。读者将学习如何使用Storyboard进行界面设计，以及如何使用Model-View-Controller (MVC)架构组织代码。同时，书中也可能包含关于App Store的提交过程和App审核指南，帮助开发者了解如何成功发布应用。除了技术细节，作者还可能分享了一些开发中的问题解决策略和调试技巧，这些都是实际开发过程中非常实用的知识。此外，书中或许还会涉及测试驱动开发(TDD)和持续集成(CI)的概念，帮助读者建立良好的开发习惯。《iOS编程：The Big Nerd Ranch Guide》第三版不仅是学习iOS开发的入门书籍，也是进阶开发者巩固基础、跟上技术更新的好参考。其结构清晰、实例丰富，对于想要从事iOS开发或提升现有技能的人来说，是一本不可多得的资源。通过阅读和实践书中的内容，读者将能够独立开发出功能完善的iOS应用程序，并对Apple的开发生态系统有深入的理解。

Building Interfaces

Now you’re going to create the user interface for Quiz using Xcode’s visual tool for building interfaces. In many

GUI builders on other platforms, you describe what you want an application to look like and then press a button to

generate a bunch of code. Xcode’s interface builder is different. It is an object editor: you create and configure view

objects and then save them into an archive. The archive is a XIB (pronounced “zib”) file.

A XIB file is an XML representation of the archived objects. When you build a project, the XIB file is compiled into

a NIB file. Developers work with XIB files (they’re easier to edit), and applications use NIB files (they’re smaller

and easier to parse). However, most iOS developers use the words XIB and NIB interchangeably.

When you build an application, the compiled NIB file is copied into the application’s bundle. The bundle is a

directory containing the application’s executable and any resources the executable uses.

When your application reads in, or loads, the NIB file from the bundle at runtime, the objects in the archive are

brought to life. Your first application will have only one NIB file, and it will be loaded when the application first

launches. A complex application, however, can have many NIB files that are loaded as they are needed.

In the project navigator, find and select the file named QuizViewController.xib. When you open this (or any) XIB

file from the project navigator, the editor area displays a dock view and a canvas. The dock view is on the lefthand

side of the editor area, and it shows the objects in the XIB file. You can expand the dock view into an outline by

clicking the disclosure button in the bottom left corner of the canvas (Figure 1.6). The dock shows fewer details and

is useful when screen real estate is running low. However, for learning purposes, it is easier to see what is going on in

the outline view.

Figure 1.6 Editing a XIB file in Xcode

Right now, the outline view shows that QuizViewController.xib contains three objects:

File's Owner

This is the object that will have access to the objects archived in the XIB file. It will be an instance of

QuizViewController, which is the object responsible for managing events that occur on this interface.

First Responder

This object doesn’t have much use in iOS right now; it is a relic from Desktop Cocoa. You can ignore it.

View

An instance of UIView that represents the application interface.

The canvas portion of the editor area is for viewing and manipulating the layout of your interface. Click on the View

object in the outline view to display it on the canvas. You can move the view by dragging in the blue-shaded area

around it. Note that moving the view doesn’t change anything about the actual object; it just re-organizes the canvas.

You can also close the view by clicking on the x in its top left corner. Again, this doesn’t delete the view; it just

removes it from the canvas. You can get it back by selecting it again in the outline view.

The view object in Figure 1.6 is the foundation of your user interface and appears exactly as it will in your

application. Flip back to Figure 1.1, and you’ll see that Quiz needs four additional interface elements: two text labels

and two buttons.

To add these elements, you need to get to the utilities area. In the top-right corner of Xcode’s toolbar, find the

buttons labeled View. These buttons toggle the navigator, debug area, and utilities area. Click the right

button to reveal the utilities area (Figure 1.4).

The utilities area appears to the right of the editor area and has two sections: the inspector and the library. The top

section is the inspector, which contains settings for the file that is currently displayed in the editor area. The bottom

section is the library, which lists items you can add to a file or project. You can change the relative sizes of these

sections by dragging the line between them.

At the top of each section is a selector for different types of inspectors and libraries (Figure 1.7). From the library

selector, select the icon to reveal the object library. This library contains the objects you can add to a XIB file.

Figure 1.7 Xcode utilities area

The labels and buttons are objects (of type UILabel and UIButton), and objects have instance variables that specify

their behavior and appearance. For example, when you entered a title for the top button, you set that button’s title

instance variable. You can edit a few of these instance variables directly on the canvas, but most must be edited in the

attributes inspector. Select the bottom label and then click the icon in the inspector selector to reveal the attributes

inspector.

In the attributes inspector, you can set the instance variables of the selected object. For example, labels have a

textAlignment instance variable. The default is left-aligned, but we want this text to be centered. Near the top of

this inspector, find the segmented control for alignment. Select the centered text option, as shown in Figure 1.9.

Figure 1.9 Centering the label text

Notice the ??? is now centered in the bottom label. Now center the text in the top label. (There’s no text now, but

there will be in the running application.)

Your application’s interface now looks like it should, but before we start writing code, let’s dive into some

programming theory.

Model-View-Controller

You may hear iOS programmers mention the Model-View-Controller pattern. What this means is every object you

create is exactly one of the following: a model object, a view object, or a controller object.

View objects are visible to the user. In Quiz, the buttons, labels, and the view they are placed on top of are all view

objects. Views are usually standard UIView subclasses (UIButton, UISlider), but you will sometimes write custom

view classes. These typically have names like DangerMeterView or IncomeGraphView.

Model objects hold data and know nothing about the user interface. In this application, the model objects will be two

lists of strings: the questions array and the answers array. Figure 1.10 displays the object diagram of the Quiz

application’s model objects.

Figure 1.10 Diagram of model objects in Quiz

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