Ruby 2.0与1.9编程指南：实践者手册

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《Programming Ruby 2.0 & 1.9》是The Pragmatic Programmers团队合作的一本经典编程指南，作者包括Dave Thomas、Chad Fowler和Andy Hunt。这本书由The Pragmatic Bookshelf出版，发行地包括达拉斯和罗利，是针对Ruby 1.9和2.0版本的深入教程。作为Pragmatic系列的一部分，它强调了实践性和实用性，旨在帮助读者编写出更高质量的软件，并在开发过程中提高效率和乐趣。书中涉及的主要知识点包括： 1. **Ruby语言基础**：介绍Ruby语言的核心概念、语法结构、类与对象系统，以及其简洁的面向对象编程特性，如元编程（metaprogramming）和闭包（closures）。 2. **版本差异**：对比分析Ruby 1.9和2.0之间的主要变化，如新的语言特性和改进，以便读者理解和迁移至新版本。 3. **模块和库**：讲解如何有效地组织代码，利用模块划分功能，以及如何利用标准库和第三方库来扩展Ruby的功能。 4. **面向对象编程最佳实践**：提供实际案例，教授如何设计模块化、可维护的类，以及如何遵循SOLID原则（单一职责、开闭原则、里氏替换、接口隔离和依赖倒置）。 5. **并发与异步编程**：探讨Ruby中的多线程和多进程技术，以及如何利用Actor模型或Event Machine等工具进行并发处理。 6. **测试驱动开发(TDD)**：书中会详细介绍如何采用TDD方法论，通过编写测试来引导代码实现，确保代码质量。 7. **性能优化**：提供性能调优技巧，包括内存管理、I/O操作优化，以及如何利用Ruby的特性避免不必要的计算。 8. **实用工具与框架**：推荐实用的Ruby开发工具和流行的框架，如Rails（Ruby on Rails）及其版本升级指南。 9. **编程风格与团队协作**：讨论代码风格规范，以及如何在团队中有效地分享知识和工作流程。 10. **版权与免责声明**：明确指出书中的某些品牌和商标声明，以及出版社对错误或遗漏的免责声明，强调了安全使用信息的重要性。这本《Programming Ruby 2.0 & 1.9》不仅是一本技术书籍，也是提升Ruby开发者技能和编程思维的实用指南，对于任何希望深入学习Ruby或提升现有技能的人来说都是宝贵资源。阅读本书后，读者将能够熟练掌握Ruby语言，应对不断发展的编程环境，并成为Ruby社区的一员。

to take the slower approach and keep going with the tutorial that follows, or y o u can skip

ahead to the gritty details starting in Part III, followed by the library reference in Part IV.

Experts, gurus, and “I-don’t-need-no-stinking-tutorial” types can dive straight into the lan-

guage reference in Chapter 22, The Ruby Language, on page 297; skim the library reference;

and then use the book as a (rather attractive) coffee coaster.

Of course, nothing is wrong with just starting at the beginning and working your w a y

through page by page.

And don’t forget, if y o u run into a problem that y o u can’t figure out, help is available. For

more information, see Appendix 1, Support, on page 829.

Road Map

•

xvi

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CHAPTER

Getting Started

Before w e start talking about the Ruby language, it would be useful if w e helped y o u get

Ruby running on your computer. That w a y , y o u can try sample code and experiment on

your own as y o u read along. In fact, that’s probably essential if y o u want to learn Ruby—

get into the habit of writing code as you’re reading. W e will also show y o u some different

ways to run Ruby.

1.1 The Command Prompt

(Feel free to skip to the next section if you’re already comfortable at your system’s command

prompt.)

Although there’s growing support for Ruby in IDEs, you’ll probably still end up spending

some time at your system’s command prompt, also known as a shell prompt or just plain

prompt. If you’re a Linux user, you’re probably already familiar with the prompt. If y o u don’t

already have a desktop icon for it, hunt around for an application called Terminal or xterm.

(On Ubuntu, y o u can navigate to it using Applications → Accessories → Terminal.) On

Windows, you’ll want to run

cmd.exe

, accessible by typing

cmd

into the dialog box that appears

when y o u select Start → Run. On OS X, run Applications → Utilities → Terminal.app.

In all three cases, a fairly empty window will pop up. It will contain a banner and a prompt.

T r y typing

echo hello

at the prompt and hitting Enter (or Return, depending on your keyboard).

Y o u should see

hello

echoed back, and another prompt should appear.

Directories, Folders, and Navigation

It is beyond the scope of this book to teach the commands available at the prompt, but w e

do need to cover the basics of finding your w a y around.

If you’re used to a GUI tool such as Explorer on Windows or Finder on OS X for navigating

to your files, then you’ll be familiar with the idea of folders—locations on your hard drive

that can hold files and other folders.

When you’re at the command prompt, y o u have access to these same folders. But, somewhat

confusingly, at the prompt these folders are called directories (because they contain lists of

other directories and files). These directories are organized into a strict hierarchy. On Unix-

based systems (including OS X), there’s one top-level directory, called

(a forward slash).

On Windows, there is a top-level directory for each drive on your system, so you’ll find the

top level for your

drive at

C:\

(that’s the drive letter

, a colon, and a backslash).

report erratum • discuss

The path to a file or directory is the set of directories that y o u have to traverse to get to it

from the top-level directory, followed by the name of the file or directory itself. Each compo-

nent in this name is separated by a forward slash (on Unix) or a backslash (on Windows).

So, if y o u organized your projects in a directory called

projects

under the top-level directory

and if the

projects

directory had a subdirectory for your

time_planner

project, the full path to

the README file would be

/projects/time_planner/readme.txt

on Unix and

C:\projects\time_plan-

ner\readme.txt

on Windows.

Spaces in Directory Names and Filenames

Most operating systems now allow yo u to create folders with spaces in their names. This is great when

you’re working at the GUI level. However, from the command prompt, spaces can be a headache,

because the shell that interprets what yo u type will treat the spaces in file and folder names as being

parameter separators and not as part of the name. Y o u can get around this, but it generally isn’t worth

the hassle. If yo u are creating new folders and files, it’s easiest to avoid spaces in their names.

T o navigate to a directory, use the

command. (Because the Unix prompt varies from system

to system, we’ll just use a single dollar sign to represent it here.)

$ cd /projects/time_planner (on Unix)

C:\> cd \projects\time_planner (on Windows)

On Unix boxes, y o u probably don’t want to be creating top-level directories. Instead, Unix

gives each user their own home directory. So, if your username is

dave

, your home directory

might be located in

/usr/dave

/home/dave

, or

/Users/dave

. At the shell prompt, the special char-

acter

(a single tilde) stands for the path to your home directory. Y o u can always change

directories to your home directory using

cd ~

, which can also be abbreviated to just

T o find out the directory you’re currently in, y o u can type

pwd

(on Unix) or

on Windows.

So, for Unix users, y o u could type this:

$ cd /projects/time_planner

$ pwd

/projects/time_planner

$ cd

$ pwd

/Users/dave

On Windows, there’s no real concept of a user’s home directory:

C:\> cd \projects\time_planner

C:\projects\time_planner> cd \projects

C:\projects>

Y o u can create a new directory under the current directory using the

mkdir

command:

$ cd /projects

$ mkdir expense_tracker

$ cd expense_tracker

$ pwd

/projects/expense_tracker

Notice that to change to the new directory, w e could just give its name relative to the current

directory—we don’t have to enter the full path.

Chapter 1. Getting Started

•

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W e suggest y o u create a directory called

pickaxe

to hold the code y o u write while reading

this book:

$ mkdir ~/pickaxe (on Unix)

C:\> mkdir \pickaxe (on Windows)

Get into the habit of changing into that directory before y o u start work:

$ cd ~/pickaxe (on Unix)

C:\> cd \pickaxe (on Windows)

1.2 Installing Ruby

Ruby comes preinstalled on many Linux distributions, and Mac OS X includes Ruby (although

the version of Ruby that comes with OS X is normally several releases behind the current

Ruby version). T r y typing

ruby - v

at a command prompt—you may be pleasantly surprised.

If y o u don’t already have Ruby on your system or if you’d like to upgrade to a newer version

(remembering that this book describes Ruby 1.9 and Ruby 2.0), y o u can install it pretty

simply. What y o u do next depends on your operating system.

Installing on Windows

There are two options for installing Ruby on Windows. The first is a simple installer pack-

age—download it, and you’ll have Ruby up and running in minutes. The second is slightly

more complex but gives y o u the flexibility of easily managing multiple Ruby environments

on the same computer at the same time. Whichever option y o u choose, you’ll first need to

download and install a working Ruby.

Install Ruby with RubyInstaller

The simple solution (and probably the right one to use if you’re not planning on running

multiple versions of Ruby at the same time) is Luis Lavena’s RubyInstaller.org.

Simply navigate to

http://rubyinstaller.org

, click the big DOWNLOAD button, and select the

Ruby version y o u want. Save the file to your downloads folder, and then run it once it has

downloaded. Click through the Windows nanny warnings, and you’ll come to a conventional

installer. Accept the defaults, and when the installer finishes, you’ll have an entry for Ruby

in your All Programs menu of the Start menu:

Select Start Command Prompt with Ruby to open a copy of the Windows command shell with

the environment set up to run Ruby.

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Installing Ruby

•

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