专家解读：Oracle数据库架构与编程策略

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"expert-oracle-database-architecture" 《Expert Oracle Database Architecture》是Oracle数据库领域的权威著作，由专家Thomas Kyte撰写，专攻Oracle Database 9i, 10g, 和11g的编程技术与解决方案。这本书的第二版受到了 Jonathan Lewis 和 Ken Jacobs（别名“Dr.DBA”）的赞誉。前言由这两位知名Oracle专家撰写，增加了书的权威性。本书主要知识点包括： 1. **Oracle数据库架构**：深入解析Oracle数据库的内部结构，包括表空间、数据块、索引、缓存机制等，帮助读者理解数据存储和管理的基础。 2. **编程技术**：涵盖了PL/SQL编程，讨论了如何编写高效、可维护的代码，并介绍了触发器、存储过程、函数以及包的使用。 3. **性能优化**：讲解了查询优化器的工作原理，如何通过调整SQL语句来提高查询性能，以及如何使用 Explain Plan 分析查询执行计划。 4. **并行处理**：讨论了Oracle的并行执行特性，包括并行查询和并行DML操作，如何利用并行度提升大规模数据处理的速度。 5. **事务和并发控制**：解释了Oracle的事务管理机制，如回滚段、多版本并发控制（MVCC）以及死锁检测和解决。 6. **备份与恢复**：详述了Oracle的数据保护策略，包括RMAN（ Recovery Manager）的使用，以及如何进行数据库的完整备份、增量备份和逻辑备份。 7. **高可用性**：介绍了RAC（Real Application Clusters）集群技术，以及故障切换和故障恢复的策略。 8. **安全性**：讲解了用户权限管理、角色、审计以及加密技术，以确保数据库的安全运行。 9. **数据库设计**：探讨了数据库设计的最佳实践，包括范式理论在Oracle中的应用，以及如何创建高效的数据模型。 10. **案例分析**：书中提供了丰富的实际案例，通过具体问题的解决过程，帮助读者掌握理论知识在实际工作中的应用。这本书对Oracle数据库的深度剖析，对于数据库管理员（DBA）、开发人员和系统架构师来说是一本宝贵的参考书。作者Tom Kyte以其理性的方法论和实例证明的原则，引导读者成为更好的技术思考者，帮助他们在Oracle技术领域取得卓越成就。

■ CONTENTS

xiv

■ Chapter 12: Datatypes......................................................................................493

An Overview of Oracle Datatypes ................................................................................493

Character and Binary String Types..............................................................................496

NLS Overview .....................................................................................................................................496

Character Strings................................................................................................................................499

Binary Strings: RAW Types ..........................................................................................506

Number Types..............................................................................................................508

NUMBER Type Syntax and Usage .......................................................................................................510

BINARY_FLOAT/BINARY_DOUBLE Type Syntax and Usage.................................................................513

Non-native Number Types..................................................................................................................514

Performance Considerations ..............................................................................................................514

Long Types ..................................................................................................................516

Restrictions on LONG and LONG RAW Types ......................................................................................516

Coping with Legacy LONG Types ........................................................................................................518

Dates, Timestamps, and Interval Types.......................................................................523

Formats ..............................................................................................................................................523

DATE Type ..........................................................................................................................................525

TIMESTAMP Type................................................................................................................................531

INTERVAL Type ...................................................................................................................................538

LOB Types....................................................................................................................541

Internal LOBs ......................................................................................................................................541

BFILEs.................................................................................................................................................552

ROWID/UROWID Types .................................................................................................554

Summary .....................................................................................................................555

■ Chapter 13: Partitioning...................................................................................557

Partitioning Overview ..................................................................................................557

Increased Availability .........................................................................................................................558

Reduced Administrative Burden .........................................................................................................560

Enhanced Statement Performance.....................................................................................................564

■ CONTENTS

Table Partitioning Schemes.........................................................................................566

Range Partitioning ..............................................................................................................................567

Hash Partitioning ................................................................................................................................569

List Partitioning ..................................................................................................................................574

Interval Partitioning ............................................................................................................................575

Reference Partitioning........................................................................................................................581

Composite Partitioning .......................................................................................................................586

Row Movement...................................................................................................................................588

Table Partitioning Schemes Wrap-up.................................................................................................590

Partitioning Indexes.....................................................................................................591

Local Indexes vs. Global Indexes........................................................................................................592

Local Indexes......................................................................................................................................593

Global Indexes ....................................................................................................................................599

Partitioning and Performance, Revisited .....................................................................612

Auditing and Segment Space Compression.................................................................618

Summary .....................................................................................................................619

■ Chapter 14: Parallel Execution.........................................................................621

When to Use Parallel Execution ...................................................................................622

A Parallel Processing Analogy ............................................................................................................623

Oracle Exadata.............................................................................................................624

Parallel Query ..............................................................................................................624

Parallel DML.................................................................................................................630

Parallel DDL .................................................................................................................633

Parallel DDL and Data Loading Using External Tables........................................................................634

Parallel DDL and Extent Trimming......................................................................................................636

Parallel Recovery.........................................................................................................645

Procedural Parallelism.................................................................................................645

Parallel Pipelined Functions ...............................................................................................................646

Do-It-Yourself Parallelism ..................................................................................................................649

■ CONTENTS

xvi

Old School Do-It-Yourself Parallelism ................................................................................................652

Summary .....................................................................................................................656

■ Chapter 15: Data Loading and Unloading.........................................................657

SQL*Loader..................................................................................................................657

Loading Data with SQLLDR FAQs........................................................................................................661

SQLLDR Caveats .................................................................................................................................686

SQLLDR Summary ..............................................................................................................................686

External Tables ............................................................................................................686

Setting Up External Tables .................................................................................................................687

Dealing with Errors.............................................................................................................................693

Using an External Table to Load Different Files..................................................................................696

Multiuser Issues .................................................................................................................................696

External Tables Summary...................................................................................................................697

Flat File Unload............................................................................................................698

Data Pump Unload .......................................................................................................706

Summary .....................................................................................................................708

■ Chapter 16: Data Encryption ............................................................................709

Types of Encryption .....................................................................................................709

Data in Motion ....................................................................................................................................709

Data at Rest ........................................................................................................................................710

Manual Application Encryption...........................................................................................................713

The Oracle Wallet ...............................................................................................................................714

Transparent Column Level Encryption................................................................................................717

Transparent Tablespace Encryption ...................................................................................................719

What Encryption Is Not About ......................................................................................722

Implementing Manual Application Encryption .............................................................723

Reasons to Avoid the Manual Approach .............................................................................................723

Performance Implications of the Manual Approach ...........................................................................724

When to Use the Manual Approach ....................................................................................................729

■ FOREWORD FROM THE FIRST EDITION

xviii

Foreword

I first met the Oracle RDBMS some time in 1988, or possibly 1987, when my manager dumped a small

box on my desk and said something like: “There’s this new product called Oracle just coming into the

country. Play around with it for a few weeks and then tell us what it’s good for.”

The version was something like 5.0.22, and in those days it was a lot easier getting started with

Oracle. The entire printed manual set—including Forms 2.0, SQL*Report, and everything else—would fit

into a small briefcase and the documentation for the create table statement ran to about three pages.

If you check the PDF file for the 11.2 SQL reference manual, you’ll find that create table currently

starts at page 16-6 and runs on to page 16-79 for a total of 74 pages. The last time I checked the total page

count was for 9i, and that was more than 20,000 pages—and I doubt if the number has dropped in 10g

and 11g.

With three (fairly slim) manuals for 5.0.22, it didn’t take me very long to learn about everything that

Oracle was supposed to do and how to do it efficiently. There weren’t many options, so there weren’t

many ways to do things wrong. But how do you get started today when the core of Oracle is hidden

under a huge mass of options and features? Worse, the details you really need to understand are covered

by a mountain of information that is nice to have, but not critical to getting started.

The answer is simple.

Step 1: Read the concepts manual so you have an idea of what it’s all about.

Step 2: Read Tom Kyte’s book so that you can follow a rational progression of learning and

experimenting that leads you from your first “select ‘hello world’ from dual” to the day when you can

confidently say things like “we should use a range partitioned IOT with these columns in the overflow for

this table because … .”

Tom combines three things in this book: a conversational style that makes it easier to read about

technical details and understand the “why” behind the “how”; a structured “storyline” so that you see

the text building towards a target rather than scattering a disjointed collection of random tips; and an

array of carefully constructed demonstrations that teach you how things work and how you should work

and think.

Consider just one example, indexing. There are many types of indexes, so we need a brief

introduction to separate the different types. It’s good to have an idea of how B-tree indexes (for example)

actually work so that we can understand their strengths and weaknesses. Then we can move on to the

idea of function-based indexes—indexes on “data that don’t really exist.” This gets us to the point of

understanding what Oracle can do, but we can (and do) go further with what we can do with Oracle. So

we see how we can put the pieces together to create an index that guarantees uniqueness across subsets

of the data, we see how we can—on a huge data set—create a tiny, low-maintenance index that identifies

exactly the data that we really want to access and minimizes the risk of the optimizer producing a silly

execution plan.

In principle, it’s all in the manuals, but only if we have the insight to take the naked descriptions of

the available commands and see how we can use them to construct solutions to real problems. Tom Kyte

supplies that insight, and then encourages you to go further in developing your own insights.

Frankly, if every DBA and developer in the world were made to work carefully through Tom Kyte’s

book, I’d probably have to start offering consultancy services to SQL Server users because the number of

clients needing Oracle consultancy would drop dramatically.

Jonathan Lewis

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