C# 5.0 教程：深入解析

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"C# 5.0 in a Nutshell - Fifth Edition by Joseph Albahari and Ben Albahari" 《C# 5.0 in a Nutshell》是Joseph Albahari和Ben Albahari合著的一本针对C#编程语言的权威教材。这本书详细介绍了C# 5.0版本的各种特性，旨在帮助读者深入理解和掌握C#编程。在C# 5.0中，最重要的新特性之一是异步编程模型。通过引入`async`和`await`关键字，开发者可以更轻松地编写非阻塞式的异步代码，这在处理I/O密集型任务和网络通信时尤为重要，能显著提高应用程序的性能和响应性。书中详细讲解了如何利用这些新特性来编写高效、简洁的异步代码。另一个关键特性是动态类型（dynamic）。在C# 5.0中，动态类型允许在运行时绑定方法和属性，提供了与Python或JavaScript等动态语言类似的灵活性。这一特性对于与非.NET框架交互，如JavaScript库或动态加载的对象，或者使用IronPython和IronRuby等.NET上的动态语言时非常有用。此外，C# 5.0还增强了LINQ（Language Integrated Query）的支持，包括对异步查询的支持，使开发者能够更方便地处理异步数据源。同时，书里还会涵盖委托和事件的新用法，以及增强的Lambda表达式和表达式树，这些都是C#中函数式编程的重要工具。书中详细讨论了C#的基础语法，包括类、接口、继承、多态等面向对象编程概念，以及泛型、枚举、结构体、委托和异常处理等核心特性。对于初学者，这部分内容将帮助他们建立坚实的C#编程基础。高级主题，如元数据、反射和自定义属性，也在本书中有所涉及，这对于开发人员深入理解.NET框架的工作原理和创建自定义的框架组件至关重要。此外，书中还会讲解线程和并发控制，以及如何使用任务并行库（TPL）进行高效的多线程编程。 C# 5.0的改进还包括了类型初始化器和集合初始化器的增强，使得初始化对象变得更加简洁。还有编译器优化，如编译时类型检查和编译器服务，它们提高了代码质量和开发效率。《C# 5.0 in a Nutshell》全面覆盖了C# 5.0的各个方面，无论你是初学者还是有经验的开发者，都能从中受益。通过学习这本书，你将能够充分利用C# 5.0的所有新特性和功能，写出高效、可维护的代码，成为一名出色的C#程序员。

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Using Code Examples

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xiv | Preface

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Acknowledgments

Joseph Albahari

First, I want to thank my brother, Ben Albahari, for persuading me to take on C#

3.0 in a Nutshell, whose success has spawned two subsequent editions. Ben shares

my willingness to question conventional wisdom, and the tenacity to pull things

apart until it becomes clear how they really work.

It’s been an honor to have superb technical reviewers on the team. This edition owes

much to two legendary individuals at Microsoft: Eric Lippert (C# compiler team)

and Stephen Toub (Parallel Programming team). I can’t thank you enough for your

extensive and useful feedback—and for answering all my questions. I’m also

immensely grateful to C# MVP Nicholas Paldino, whose keen eye and ability to pick

up things that others miss, shaped this book and two previous editions.

This book was built on C# 4.0 in a Nutshell, whose technical reviewers I owe a

similar honor. Chris Burrows (C# compiler team) significantly polished the chapters

on concurrency, dynamic programming, and the C# language. From the CLR team,

I received invaluable input on security and memory management from Shawn

Preface | xv

languages such as C++ and Eiffel, C# does not support multiple inheritance of

classes).

Properties, methods, and events

In the pure object-oriented paradigm, all functions are methods (this is the case

in Smalltalk). In C#, methods are only one kind of function member, which also

includes properties and events (there are others, too). Properties are function

members that encapsulate a piece of an object’s state, such as a button’s color

or a label’s text. Events are function members that simplify acting on object

state changes.

Type Safety

C# is primarily a type-safe language, meaning that instances of types can interact

only through protocols they define, thereby ensuring each type’s internal consis-

tency. For instance, C# prevents you from interacting with a string type as though

it were an integer type.

More specifically, C# supports static typing, meaning that the language enforces

type safety at compile time. This is in addition to type safety being enforced at

runtime.

Static typing eliminates a large class of errors before a program is even run. It shifts

the burden away from runtime unit tests onto the compiler to verify that all the types

in a program fit together correctly. This makes large programs much easier to man-

age, more predictable, and more robust. Furthermore, static typing allows tools such

as IntelliSense in Visual Studio to help you write a program, since it knows for a

given variable what type it is, and hence what methods you can call on that variable.

C# also allows parts of your code to be dynamically typed via

the dynamic keyword (introduced in C# 4). However, C# re-

mains a predominantly statically typed language.

C# is also called a strongly typed language because its type rules (whether enforced

statically or at runtime) are very strict. For instance, you cannot call a function that’s

designed to accept an integer with a floating-point number, unless you first explic-

itly convert the floating-point number to an integer. This helps prevent mistakes.

Strong typing also plays a role in enabling C# code to run in a sandbox—an envi-

ronment where every aspect of security is controlled by the host. In a sandbox, it is

important that you cannot arbitrarily corrupt the state of an object by bypassing its

type rules.

Memory Management

C# relies on the runtime to perform automatic memory management. The Common

Language Runtime has a garbage collector that executes as part of your program,

reclaiming memory for objects that are no longer referenced. This frees programmers

2 | Chapter 1: Introducing C# and the .NET Framework

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