专家模型的对比度最小化训练:Hinton的CD-k算法详解

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标题:“通过最小化对比散度训练专家产品”(Training Products of Experts by Minimizing Contrastive Divergence)是一篇由Geoffrey E. Hinton在2000年发表的论文,发表在Gatsbby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London的研究报告(GCNU TR 2000-004)。这篇论文的核心内容关注于深度学习中的模型组合策略——概率模型的乘积方法,即专家模型(Expert Models)。 在深度学习领域,Hinton提出了一个名为“对比散度最小化”(Contrastive Divergence, CD)的训练技术,用于处理复杂的数据表示。该方法允许我们将多个低维的概率模型有效地结合在一起,用于建模高维数据,每个模型专注于满足一组特定的约束条件。这种方法的优势在于,它能够同时满足多个约束,而不需要单独训练每个模型。 “产品专家”(Product of Experts, PoE)是一种神经网络架构,其中各层由多个独立的专家模型组成,它们各自负责解决数据的一部分特征或结构。每个专家只对满足特定特征的数据分配较高的概率,而其他特征不满足的数据则被其他专家模型的低概率值所排除。因此,通过这种方式,PoE网络能够在保持高效的同时,实现对复杂数据的精细建模。 然而,论文中提到训练这种专家产品的挑战主要在于如何优化。传统的最大化单个专家对数据的预测概率可能会导致整体性能下降,因为这可能导致局部最优而非全局最优解。Hinton的CD-k算法(CD-k是对比散度的k步骤近似)引入了一种迭代方法,通过有限次近似更新来逼近真实的后验分布,从而在实际计算上降低了训练难度,但仍保持着模型组合的效率和性能优势。 这篇文章的关键知识点包括: 1. **对比散度最小化**:一种有效训练多专家模型的方法,通过有限步骤近似后验分布。 2. **产品专家模型(PoE)**:将多个专家模型的预测概率相乘并归一化,用于处理具有多重约束的高维数据。 3. **CD-k算法**:用于训练PoE的实用策略,平衡了模型复杂性和计算效率。 4. **神经网络应用**:在深度学习中,专家产品模型被用于构建复杂的数据表示和特征提取。 这篇论文对现代深度学习特别是生成模型和联合概率分布建模有着重要的理论和实践意义,对后续研究和工程应用产生了深远的影响。

下面有篇英文课文,请编程找出课文中所有的单词,统计单词出现的次数,统计时不区分字母的大小写,最后按出现的次数从大到小显示出现3次以上各个单词及次数。例如,结果显示如下: the 18 a 14 puma 9 in 8 it 8 ...(略) 英文课文如下: Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America. When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar. The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw 'a large cat' only five yards away from her. It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered. The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place twenty miles away in the evening. Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits. Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes. Several people complained of 'cat-like noises' at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree. The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from ? As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape. The hunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught. It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.

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