C++编程语言英文教程

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“C++教程（英文版）：一份由Juan Soulié编写的，于2007年6月更新的在线教程，可在c++reference.com找到。” C++是一种强大的、面向对象的编程语言，广泛应用于系统软件、应用软件、游戏开发、驱动程序开发以及各种嵌入式系统。这份英文版的C++教程由Juan Soulié编写，旨在为初学者和有一定经验的开发者提供清晰易懂的学习材料。教程内容持续更新，可能包含修正和新的改进。教程涵盖的内容通常包括但不限于以下几个部分： 1. **基础概念**：介绍C++的基础语法，如变量、数据类型、运算符、控制流程（条件语句、循环）、输入输出操作等。 2. **类与对象**：这是C++的核心特性，讲解如何定义类、创建对象、封装数据、访问控制（public, private, protected）以及构造函数和析构函数的使用。 3. **继承与多态**：讨论如何通过继承扩展类的功能，以及虚函数和多态性在实现代码重用和设计灵活性中的作用。 4. **模板**：学习如何使用模板创建泛型代码，实现函数模板和类模板，以提高代码的通用性。 5. **异常处理**：介绍C++的错误处理机制，包括try-catch语句块和异常类型。 6. **STL（标准模板库）**：讲解如何利用容器（如vector, list, set等）、迭代器、算法和函数对象来提升编程效率。 7. **输入/输出流**：包括iostream库的使用，如cin和cout，以及文件输入输出操作。 8. **命名空间**：理解命名空间的作用，避免名称冲突，并有效地组织代码。 9. **C++11及后续版本的新特性**：如右值引用、lambda表达式、自动类型推断（auto）、移动语义等。 10. **实践项目**：通过实际的编程练习和项目，巩固理论知识，提高编程技能。请注意，本教程明确指出其内容受版权保护，个人可以打印或下载副本供自己学习，但不得修改内容，也不得未经c++reference.com的书面许可进行分发。此外，不得将内容上传至其他网站或电子检索系统。这份C++教程是学习和深入理解C++语言的一个宝贵资源，它提供了系统的教学内容，适合自学者和希望巩固C++知识的开发者使用。通过学习，你可以掌握C++的关键概念和技术，从而在软件开发领域中展现出更强的能力。

A first difference with fundamental data types is that in order to declare and use objects (variables) of this type we

need to include an additional header file in our source code: <string> and have access to the std namespace

(which we already had in all our previous programs thanks to the using namespace statement).

// my first string

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

using namespace std;

int main ()

{

string mystring = "This is a string";

cout << mystring;

return 0;

}

This is a string

As you may see in the previous example, strings can be initialized with any valid string literal just like numerical

type variables can be initialized to any valid numerical literal. Both initialization formats are valid with strings:

string mystring = "This is a string";

string mystring ("This is a string");

Strings can also perform all the other basic operations that fundamental data types can, like being declared without

an initial value and being assigned values during execution:

// my first string

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

using namespace std;

int main ()

{

string mystring;

mystring = "This is the initial string content";

cout << mystring << endl;

mystring = "This is a different string content";

cout << mystring << endl;

return 0;

}

This is the initial string content

This is a different string content

For more details on C++ strings, you can have a look at the string class reference.

Constants

Constants are expressions with a fixed value.

Literals

Literals are used to express particular values within the source code of a program. We have already used these

previously to give concrete values to variables or to express messages we wanted our programs to print out, for

example, when we wrote:

a = 5;

the 5 in this piece of code was a literal constant.

Literal constants can be divided in Integer Numerals, Floating-Point Numerals, Characters, Strings and Boolean

Values.

Integer Numerals

1776

707

-273

They are numerical constants that identify integer decimal values. Notice that to express a numerical constant we

do not have to write quotes (") nor any special character. There is no doubt that it is a constant: whenever we

write 1776 in a program, we will be referring to the value 1776.

In addition to decimal numbers (those that all of us are used to use every day) C++ allows the use as literal

constants of octal numbers (base 8) and hexadecimal numbers (base 16). If we want to express an octal number

we have to precede it with a 0 (zero character). And in order to express a hexadecimal number we have to precede

it with the characters 0x (zero, x). For example, the following literal constants are all equivalent to each other:

75 // decimal

0113 // octal

0x4b

// hexadecimal

All of these represent the same number: 75 (seventy-five) expressed as a base-10 numeral, octal numeral and

hexadecimal numeral, respectively.

Literal constants, like variables, are considered to have a specific data type. By default, integer literals are of type

int. However, we can force them to either be unsigned by appending the u character to it, or long by appending l:

75 // int

75u // unsigned int

75l // long

75ul

// unsigned long

In both cases, the suffix can be specified using either upper or lowercase letters.

Floating Point Numbers

They express numbers with decimals and/or exponents. They can include either a decimal point, an e character

(that expresses "by ten at the Xth height", where X is an integer value that follows the e character), or both a

decimal point and an e character:

3.14159 // 3.14159

6.02e23 // 6.02 x 10^23

1.6e-19 // 1.6 x 10^-19

3.0 // 3.0

These are four valid numbers with decimals expressed in C++. The first number is PI, the second one is the

number of Avogadro, the third is the electric charge of an electron (an extremely small number) -all of them

approximated- and the last one is the number three expressed as a floating-point numeric literal.

The default type for floating point literals is double. If you explicitly want to express a float or long double

numerical literal, you can use the f or l suffixes respectively:

3.14159L // long double

6.02e23f // float

Any of the letters that can be part of a floating-point numerical constant (e, f, l) can be written using either lower

or uppercase letters without any difference in their meanings.

Character and string literals

There also exist non-numerical constants, like:

'z'

'p'

"Hello world"

"How do you do?"

The first two expressions represent single character constants, and the following two represent string literals

composed of several characters. Notice that to represent a single character we enclose it between single quotes (')

and to express a string (which generally consists of more than one character) we enclose it between double quotes

(").

When writing both single character and string literals, it is necessary to put the quotation marks surrounding them

to distinguish them from possible variable identifiers or reserved keywords. Notice the difference between these

two expressions:

'x'

x alone would refer to a variable whose identifier is x, whereas 'x' (enclosed within single quotation marks) would

refer to the character constant 'x'.

Character and string literals have certain peculiarities, like the escape codes. These are special characters that are

difficult or impossible to express otherwise in the source code of a program, like newline (\n) or tab (\t). All of

them are preceded by a backslash (\). Here you have a list of some of such escape codes:

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