蓝牙技术的安全挑战与对策

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"Artech House - 2004 - Bluetooth Security" 《Bluetooth Security》是由Christian Gehrmann, Joakim Persson和Ben Smeets共同撰写的书籍，它属于Artech House Computer Security Library系列。该书关注的是蓝牙技术的安全性问题，尤其是在不同环境和广泛应用中的蓝牙设备可能面临的挑战。随着蓝牙设备的普及，对这项简单无线连接技术的安全分析变得至关重要，以确定它是否适用于特定的安全需求。蓝牙技术是一种短距离无线通信技术，它使得各种设备能够方便地进行通信和数据交换。然而，如同任何网络技术一样，蓝牙也存在安全风险，如未授权访问、数据窃取、中间人攻击等。书中可能涵盖了以下关键知识点： 1. **蓝牙协议栈安全**：蓝牙技术的安全性依赖于其协议栈的不同层，包括物理层、链路层、L2CAP（逻辑链路控制和适配协议）、SDP（服务发现协议）等。这些层的安全机制如何运作，以及它们的弱点如何被利用是讨论的重点。 2. **密钥管理与加密**：蓝牙设备之间的通信通常使用AES（高级加密标准）或E0流密码进行加密。书里可能会探讨如何有效管理和保护这些密钥，防止破解和未经授权的数据截取。 3. **配对与认证过程**：蓝牙设备在连接前需要进行配对和认证，以确保只有授权的设备可以进行通信。这一过程中的漏洞和潜在风险是书中的重要章节。 4. **蓝牙攻击类型**：可能包括嗅探、欺骗、重放攻击、MITM（中间人攻击）等，书会深入分析这些攻击的原理和防范措施。 5. **安全策略与最佳实践**：书中可能会提供针对蓝牙设备的安全配置建议，包括固件更新、权限管理、隐私设置优化等，以降低安全风险。 6. **应用领域的安全考虑**：鉴于蓝牙技术广泛应用于移动设备、医疗设备、智能家居等领域，书会讨论不同应用场景下的特定安全挑战和解决方案。 7. **法规与标准**：可能涉及蓝牙技术相关的安全标准和法规，如蓝牙SIG（Special Interest Group）的安全规范，以及如何遵守这些规定以保证合规性。 8. **案例研究与实战演练**：书中可能包含实际的安全事件分析，以帮助读者理解理论知识在实际中的应用。 9. **未来趋势与挑战**：随着蓝牙技术的不断发展，新的安全威胁和应对策略也是书中的重要部分，可能涵盖蓝牙5.0及更高级别版本的安全增强。通过深入阅读《Bluetooth Security》，读者将能够全面了解蓝牙技术的安全隐患，并学会如何在设计、实施和维护蓝牙系统时采取必要的防护措施。这本书对于IT安全专业人员、物联网开发者以及对无线安全感兴趣的任何人都是一份宝贵的资源。

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Introduction

Bluetooth wireless technology is gradually becoming a popular way to replace

existing wireline connections with short-range wireless interconnectivity. It is

also an enabling technology for new types of applications. In this chapter we

give a short background and a condensed description of how the Bluetooth sys-

tem works. We will focus on details that directly or indirectly relate to security

issues and on the functionality that is important in order to understand the con-

cept of the technology. The reference documentation for Bluetooth wireless

technology is [1].

1.1 Bluetooth system basics

1.1.1 Background

Bluetooth wireless technology is a short-range radio technology that is designed

to fulfill the particular needs of wireless interconnections between different per

sonal devices, which are very popular in today’s society. The development of

Bluetooth started in the mid-1990s, when a project within Ericsson Mobile

Communications required a way to connect a keyboard to a computer device

without a cable. The wireless link turned out to be useful for many other things,

and it was developed into a more generic tool for connecting devices. A synchro

nous mode for voice traffic was added and support for up to seven slaves was

introduced. In order to gain momentum for the technology and to promote

acceptance, the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) was founded in 1998.

The group consists of many companies from various fields. By joining forces,

the SIG members have evolved the radio link to what is now known as Blue

tooth wireless technology.

1.1.2 Trade-offs

Bluetooth wireless technology is targeting devices with particular needs and con

straints. The main issues are, as with all battery-powered consumer electronics,

cost and power consumption. Consequently, certain design trade-offs have been

made between the cost and power consumption on one side and overall per

formance on the other. For instance, some of the specified requirements for the

radio (particularly the sensitivity numbers) are chosen to be so relaxed that it is

possible to implement a rather cheap one-chip radio with very few external com

ponents (such as filters). The price paid is in a shortening of the range, as it will

decrease with decreased sensitivity. On the other hand, some requirements are

quite stringent (e.g., adjacent channel rejection) in order to handle interference

at frequencies near the intended signal. This helps to keep up the aggregated

throughput when many links are running simultaneously. One major design

goal is to have the system quite robust in noisy environments. This is because

interference rather than range is expected to be the limiting factor of the per-

ceived performance.

In contrast to most other well-known radio standards used for data com-

munication [e.g., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

802.11b and HIPERLAN], the specification has been written from the begin-

ning with use cases for handheld personal devices in mind. In particular, there is

no need to have an infrastructure (i.e., base stations) in place. The flexible Blue-

tooth master-slave concept was introduced to fit well in a dynamically changing

constellation of devices that communicate with each other. Furthermore, due to

the wide range of requirements for the traffic types for different applications,

Bluetooth can handle various data transport channels: asynchronous, isochro-

nous, and synchronous. It is even possible for a device to mix asynchronous

(data) and synchronous (voice) traffic at the same time.

In a radio environment where communication links are set up on request

rather than by default (without the need for a centralized infrastructure, as in

cellular networks) and where any node is able to communicate with any other

node, networking is usually called ad hoc networking or ad hoc connectivity.Aswe

will discuss later in the book, ad hoc connections impose special requirements

for the security functionality for the system. Bluetooth wireless technology is

particularly well suited for ad hoc usage scenarios.

1.1.3 Bluetooth protocol stack

The Bluetooth system stack is layered according to Figure 1.1. At the bottom is

the physical layer, which is basically the modem part. This is where the radio sig

nals are processed. The fundamental limits on sensitivity (range) and interfer

ence rejection are set by the radio front end (noise figure) and filters

implemented in this layer.

4 Bluetooth Security

formatted: creation of headers, checksum calculations, retransmission proce

dure, and, optionally, encryption and decryption are handled. The link control

ler (LC) is the entity that implements the baseband protocol and procedures.

Bluetooth links are managed by the link manager (LM). The devices set up

links, negotiate features, and administer connections that are up and running

using the link manager protocol (LMP).

Large chunks of user data need to be reformatted into smaller units before

they can be transmitted over the Bluetooth link. It is the responsibility of the

logical link communication and adaptation protocol (L2CAP) to take care of this.

At this layer it is possible to ask for certain quality-of-service (QoS) values one

would like to reserve for the link.

In many cases, the Bluetooth functionality is to be integrated into a host

entity that has computational power but lacks the radio part. For this purpose,

Bluetooth modules handling only the lower layers exist. The entity handling the

functionality of these layers is sometimes referred to as the Bluetooth controller.

For instance, a laptop that is perfectly capable of handling higher protocol layers

can embed a module that handles radio, baseband, and L2CAP. In such a setup,

the higher layers that are implemented in the host entity will communicate with

the lower layers of the module through the host controller interface (HCI).

1.1.4 Physical layer

Bluetooth radio operates in the license-free and globally available industrial, sci-

entific, and medical (ISM) band at 2.4 GHz. Because the ISM band is free, Blue-

tooth has to share this frequency band with many other systems. Various

wireless communication systems operate in this band (besides Bluetooth, IEEE

802.11b, most notably). Other systems may be defined in the future. One other

common device emitting radio frequency power in this band is found in almost

all homes: the microwave oven. Even though the vast majority of the radiation is

absorbed by the food inside the oven, some of it leaks and will appear outside as

interference. Actually, the leakage may be as much as 1,000 times more power

ful than the signal one tries to capture, so this interference cannot be neglected.

Fortunately, the interference is not there all the time (loosely speaking, the

radiation cycle follows the frequency of the power supply) and is not over the

entire frequency spectrum (approximately 15 to 20 MHz of the frequency band

is affected by the microwave oven).

All in all, it is very hard to predict what kind of interference to expect in

the ISM band. To combat this, Bluetooth deploys a frequency hopping (FH)

spread spectrum technology. There are 79 channels used, each with a bandwidth

of 1 MHz. During communication, the system makes 1,600 hops per second

evenly spread over these channels according to a pseudorandom pattern. The

idea is that if one transmits on a bad channel, the next hop, which is only 625

µs

6 Bluetooth Security

later, will hopefully be on a good channel. In general, faster hopping between

frequencies gives more spreading, which improves on protection from other

interference. However, the improved performance comes at the cost of increased

complexity. The hopping rate chosen for Bluetooth is considered to be a good

trade-off between performance and complexity.

The signal is transmitted using binary Gaussian frequency shift keying. The

raw bit rate is 1 Mbps, but due to various kinds of protocol overhead, the user

data rate cannot exceed 723 Kbps. Following regulatory bodies in different parts

of the world, the maximum transmit power is restricted to 100 mW (or, equiva

lently, 20 dBm). It is expected that this will give a range of 100m at line of sight.

Another power class, where the output power is restricted to 1 mW (0 dBm), is

also defined. Radios of this power class are more common in handheld devices,

and they will have a range of approximately 10m at line of sight.

One should notice that the specification defines the sensitivity level for the

radio such that the raw bit error rate (BER) 10

−3

is met, which translates into the

range numbers given above within the specified link budget. It is around this

raw BER that a voice link without error-correcting capabilities becomes noticea-

bly distorted. This is a major reason for the choice of the BER 10

−3

as a bench-

mark number for the radio specification. However, for data traffic, Bluetooth

applies cyclic redundancy check (CRC) as well as optional error correction codes.

Thus, if the receiver detects a transmission error, it will request a retransmission.

The result is that when operating at BER 10

−3

(and even worse, to some extent),

a data link will function quite well anyway. Depending on payload lengths and

packet types, the decrease in throughput may even be unnoticed by the user.

This is, of course, good for the users, but also for potential eavesdroppers, who

may be able to choose a position at a safe distance beyond the specified range for

their purposes.

1.1.5 Baseband

Addressing and setting up connections

Each Bluetooth radio comes with a unique, factory preset 48-bit address. This

address, known as the Bluetooth device address (BD_ADDR), constitutes the basis

for identification of devices when connections are established. Before any con

nection can be set up, the BD_ADDR of the addressee must be known to the

side that initiates a connection. For first-time connections, this is accomplished

by having the initiating side collect the device addresses of all nearby units and

then individually address the one of interest. This step is known as the inquiry

procedure. Naturally, once this has been done, the information gathered can be

reused without the need for another inquiry at the next connection attempt to

one of the known devices.

Introduction 7

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