9 kHz 至 25 MHz RFID 标准与感应环路系统：3.2指令哈姆雷特覆盖

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本文档主要关注的是RFID（Radio Frequency Identification）技术在低频段，即9 kHz至25 MHz以及在感应环路系统（inductive loop systems）范围内的应用，这些系统工作频率涵盖9 kHz至30 MHz。焦点集中在符合欧盟指令2014/53/EU第3.2条核心要求的标准化设备上，具体参考标准是ETSI EN 300 330 V2.1.1（2017年2月版）。短距离设备（SRD）是文档中的关键词之一，这类设备利用无线射频信号进行通信，通常用于物联网（IoT）中的资产追踪、门禁系统和物流管理等场景。短程设备（SRD）的标准，如ETSI EN 300 330，规定了此类无线设备在规定的频率范围内必须满足的一系列性能指标、互操作性和安全要求，确保它们在不同环境条件下能够稳定运行，并与其它兼容设备无缝协作。这些标准旨在确保市场上的RFID产品不仅满足功能需求，而且在辐射电磁兼容性（EMC）、数据传输速率、抗干扰能力等方面达到一致的质量标准。测试是确保设备符合标准的关键环节，文档可能还提到了REN/ERM-TG28-507这一测试指南，这可能是对如何进行RFID设备性能测试和一致性验证的具体指导。ETSI，即欧洲电信标准化协会，作为制定这些标准的机构，其总部位于法国索菲亚-安提波利斯，强调任何电子或印刷版本的更新均需得到ETSI的书面授权，以保证信息的权威性和准确性。本文档的核心知识点包括： 1. RFID技术在9 kHz至25 MHz及9 kHz至30 MHz感应环路系统的应用。 2. ETSI EN 300 330 V2.1.1标准对低频SRD的规范，涉及的技术要求和安全标准。 3. 指令2014/53/EU对无线电设备的法规要求。 4. 测试和认证流程，包括REN/ERM-TG28-507测试指南。 5. ETSI的组织结构和版权声明。了解并遵循这些标准对于任何想要设计、制造或在市场上销售9 kHz至25 MHz和30 MHz低频RFID设备的企业来说至关重要，以确保产品合规且具备市场竞争优势。

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ETSI

ETSI EN 300 330 V2.1.1 (2017

02)

spurious emissions: emissions on a frequency or frequencies which are outside the occupied bandwidth and the level of

which may be reduced without affecting the corresponding transmission of information

tagging systems: RFID, anti-theft, access control, location systems and NFC

NOTE: These kind of equipment consists of a transmitter(s), receiver(s) (or a combination of the two) and an

antenna(s) to identify objects by means of a transponder.

transponder: device that responds to an interrogation signal

3.2 Symbols

For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:

Ω

ohm

A loop antenna area

C correction factor

E electrical field strength

f frequency

frequency generator A

frequency generator B

centre frequency of the OFR

highest frequency of the OFR

lowest frequency

carrier frequency in Hz

H magnetic field strength

Hef H field-strength generated by an e-field antenna

Hf H-field-strength limit

carrier H-field strength

H-field-strength limit for radiated spurious emissions

transmitter carrier output current

transmitter spurious output current

Wave length

m magnetic dipole moment

N number of turns for a loop antenna

variable defined in table 10 to calculate the frequency for RX-blocking test, see clause 6.3.3.1

NIA Product of N (the number of turns of the loop coil) × I (current in the loop coil) × A (the area of

the loop coil antenna)

P Power

t time

3.3 Abbreviations

For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:

ASK Amplitude Shift Keying

BER Bit Error Rate

CEPT Conférence Européenne des Postes et Télécommunications

CISPR Comité International Spécial des Perturbations Radioélectriques

e.r.p. effective radiated power

EAS Electronic Article Surveillance

EC European Community

ECC Electronic Communications Committee

EFTA European Free Trade Association

EMC ElectroMagnetic Compatibility

EMF/emf ElectroMagnetic Field

ERC European Radiocommunications Committee

EU European Union

ETSI

ETSI EN 300

330 V2.1.1 (2017

02)

EUT Equipment Under Test

HF High Frequency (range)

ISM Industrial, Scientific and Medical

ITU-T ITU-Telecommunication sector

LF Low Frequency

ND Noise and Distortion

NFC Near Field Communication

NRI National Radio Interfaces

OATS Open Area Test Site

OBW Occupied BandWidth

OFR Operating Frequency Range

R&TTE Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment

RF Radio Frequency

RFID Radio Frequency Identification

RMS Root Mean Square

RX Receiver

SND Signal, Noise and Distortion

SND/ND Signal, Noise and Distortion over Noise and Distortion

SRD Short Range Device

TR Technical Report

TX Transmitter

VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

4 Technical requirements specifications

4.1 Environmental conditions

The technical requirements of the present document apply under the environmental profile for operation of the

equipment, which shall be declared by the manufacturer. The equipment shall comply with all the technical

requirements of the present document which are identified as applicable in annex A at all times when operating within

the boundary limits of the declared operational environmental profile. Normal and extreme tests conditions are defined

in clauses 5.5 and 5.6.

4.2 General

4.2.1 General performance criteria

For the purpose of the receiver performance tests, the receiver will produce an appropriate output under normal

conditions as indicated below:

• a SND/ND ratio of 20 dB, measured at the receiver output through a telephone psophometric weighting

network as described in Recommendation ITU-T O.41 [i.12];

• after demodulation, a data signal with a bit error ratio of 10

-2

; or

• after demodulation, a message acceptance ratio of 80 %.

Where the indicated performance cannot be achieved or if it is defined differently, the manufacturer shall declare and

publish the performance criteria used to determine the performance of the receiver.

4.2.2 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes

4.2.2.0 General

Each equipment submitted for testing shall fulfil the requirements of the present document on all frequencies over

which it is intended to operate.

ETSI

ETSI EN 300 330 V2.1.1 (2017

02)

The manufacturer shall declare the frequency ranges, the range of operating conditions and power requirements as

applicable, to establish the appropriate test conditions.

Additionally, technical documentation and operating manuals, sufficient to make the test, shall be supplied.

A test fixture for equipment with an integral antenna may be supplied by the manufacturer (see clause 5.10). For

equipment supplied without an antenna i.e. Product Class 3 as defined in clause B.2, the manufacturer will supply either

a tuned reduced radiating load (see clause 5.9.1 or an artificial antenna as defined by annex F).

To simplify and harmonise the testing procedures between different testing laboratories, measurements shall be

performed, according to the present document, on samples defined in clauses 4.2.2.1 to 4.2.2.4.

4.2.2.1 Choice of model for testing

The manufacturer shall provide one or more samples of the equipment, as appropriate for testing.

Stand alone equipment shall be offered by the manufacturer complete with any ancillary equipment needed for testing.

If an equipment has several optional features, considered not to affect the RF parameters then the tests need only to be

performed on the equipment configured with that combination of features considered to be the most complex, as

proposed by the manufacturer and agreed by the test laboratory.

Where practicable, equipment offered for testing shall provide a 50 Ω connector for conducted RF power level

measurements.

In the case of integral antenna equipment, if the equipment does not have an internal permanent 50 Ω connector then it

is permissible to supply a second sample of the equipment with a temporary antenna connector fitted to facilitate

testing, see clause 4.2.2.3.

The performance of the equipment submitted for testing shall be representative of the performance of the corresponding

production model.

4.2.2.2 Testing of equipment with alternative radiated H-field strengths

If a family of equipment has alternative radiated field strengths provided by the use of separate power modules or add

on stages, then these shall be declared by the manufacturer. Each module or add on stage shall be tested in combination

with the equipment. As a minimum and on samples of equipment defined in clause 4.2.2.1, measurements of the

radiated H-field strength and spurious emissions shall be performed for each combination and shall be stated in the test

report.

4.2.2.3 Testing of equipment that does not have an external 50 Ω RF connector

(integral antenna equipment)

4.2.2.3.1 Equipment with an internal permanent or temporary antenna connector

The means to access and/or implement the internal permanent or temporary antenna connector shall be stated by the

manufacturer with the aid of a diagram. The fact that use has been made of the internal antenna connection, or of a

temporary connection, to facilitate measurements shall be recorded in the test report.

4.2.2.3.2 Equipment with a temporary antenna connector

The manufacturer may submit one set of equipment with the normal antenna connected, to enable radiated

measurements to be made. The manufacturer shall attend the test laboratory at the conclusion of the radiated

measurements, to disconnect the antenna and fit the temporary connector. The testing laboratory staff shall not connect

or disconnect any temporary antenna connector.

Alternatively, the manufacturer may submit two sets of equipment to the test laboratory, one fitted with a temporary

antenna connector with the antenna disconnected and another equipment with the antenna connected. Each equipment

shall be used for the appropriate tests. The manufacturer shall declare that the two sets of equipment are identical in all

aspects except for the antenna connector.

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