4G LTE-Advanced 移动宽带技术详解

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"4G LTE-LTE-Advanced for mobile broadband" 是一本由Erik Dahlman、Stefan Parkvall和Johan Skoold合著的专业书籍，由Elsevier学术出版社于2011年首次出版，2014年发布了第二版。该书深入探讨了第四代（4G）移动宽带技术，特别是长期演进（LTE）及其增强版LTE-Advanced。 4G技术是通信领域的重大进步，旨在提供比3G网络更高的数据传输速度和更低的延迟。LTE（Long Term Evolution）是4G技术的一种，它通过更高效的无线通信协议实现了这一目标，如OFDMA（正交频分多址）和MIMO（多输入多输出）技术，这些技术提高了频谱效率和网络容量。 LTE-Advanced是LTE的进一步发展，旨在满足IMT-Advanced（国际移动电信-Advanced）规范对4G的要求。它引入了载波聚合（Carrier Aggregation）功能，允许设备同时使用多个频率带宽，显著提升数据速率。此外，还采用了协调多点传输（CoMP，Coordinated Multi-Point）技术，通过多个基站间的协同工作来优化覆盖和降低干扰，以及使用更高级的MIMO技术，例如多用户MIMO，进一步提高系统性能。书中可能涵盖了以下关键知识点： 1. **无线接入技术**：详述了LTE和LTE-Advanced中的OFDMA和SC-FDMA（单载波频分多址）技术，以及它们如何在上行和下行链路中分配频谱资源。 2. **网络架构**：介绍了E-UTRAN（演进型UTRAN）和核心网（EPC，Evolved Packet Core）的结构，包括控制面和用户面的流程。 3. **移动性管理**：讨论了不同移动状态（如连接态、空闲态）下的移动性处理，以及小区间切换过程。 4. **资源调度**：阐述了如何在时频域进行资源分配，以确保公平性和效率。 5. **功率控制与干扰管理**：解释了如何通过功率控制策略减少同频和邻频干扰，以及如何利用干扰协调技术改善网络性能。 6. **服务质量（QoS）**：探讨了如何为不同类型的业务（如语音、视频流、实时游戏等）提供不同的QoS保障。 7. **安全机制**：讲解了LTE网络中的加密和认证流程，以保护用户数据的安全。 8. **测试与优化**：涵盖了网络部署后的测试方法，包括性能指标的测量和网络优化策略。这本书对于理解4G LTE/LTE-Advanced技术及其在网络部署和运营中的应用具有极高的价值，适合通信工程师、网络规划人员、研究人员以及对此领域感兴趣的高等教育学生阅读。

a worldwide basis. Of these 230 MHz, 2 60 MHz was identiﬁed as paired spectrum for FDD

(Frequency-Division Duplex) and 35 MHz as unpaired spectrum for TDD (Time-Division

Duplex), both for terrestrial use. Some spectrum was also set aside for satellite services. With

that, the stage was set to specify IMT-2000.

In parallel with the widespread deployment and evolution of 2G mobile-communication

systems during the 1990s, substantial efforts were put into 3G research activities world-

wide. In Europe, a number of partially EU-funded projects resulted in a multiple access

concept that included a Wideband CDMA component that was input to ETSI in 1996. In

Japan, the Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) was at the same time

deﬁning a 3G wireless communication technology based on Wideband CDMA, and in the

USA a Wideband CDMA concept called WIMS was developed within the T1.P1

committee.

South Korea also started work on Wideband CDMA at this time.

When the standardization activities for 3G started in ETSI in 1996, there were WCDMA

concepts proposed both from a European research project (FRAMES) and from the ARIB

standardization in Japan. The Wideband CDMA proposals from Europe and Japan were

merged and came out as part of the winning concept in early 1998 in the European work on

Universal Mobile Telecommunication Services (UMTS), which was the European name for

3G. Standardization of WCDMA continued in parallel in several standards groups until the

end of 1998, when the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) was formed by

standards-developing organizations from all regions of the world. This solved the problem of

trying to maintain parallel development of aligned speciﬁcations in multiple regions. The

present organizational partners of 3GPP are ARIB (Japan), CCSA (China), ETSI (Europe),

ATIS (USA), TTA (South Korea), and TTC (Japan).

At this time, when the standardization bodies were ready to put the details into the 3GPP

speciﬁcations, work on 3G mobile systems had already been ongoing for some time in the

international arena within the ITU-R. That work was inﬂuenced by and also provided a

broader international framework for the standardization work in 3GPP.

1.3 ITU activities

1.3.1 IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced

ITU-R Working Party 5D (WP5D) has the responsibility for IMT systems, which is the umbrella

name for 3G (IMT-2000) and 4G (IMT-Advanced). WP5D does not write technical speciﬁ-

cations for IMT, but has kept the roles of deﬁning IMT in cooperation with the regional

standardization bodies and maintaining a set of recommendations for IMT-2000 and

IMT-Advanced. Recently, ITU-R has initiated an activity, sometimes referred to as IMT-2020,

to look at the development of IMT technologies beyond what is deﬁned for IMT-2000 and

IMT-Advanced.

The T1.P1 committee was part of T1, which presently has joined the ATIS standardization organization.

4 CHAPTER 1 Background of LTE

The main IMT-2000 recommendation is ITU-R M.1457 [2], which identiﬁes the IMT-

2000 radio interface speciﬁcations (RSPC). The recommendation contains a “family” of

radio interfaces, all included on an equal basis. The family of six terrestrial radio interfaces is

illustrated in Figure 1.2, which also shows the Standards Developing Organizations (SDO) or

Partnership Projects that produce the speciﬁcations. In addition, there are several IMT-2000

satellite radio interfaces deﬁned that are not illustrated in Figure 1.2.

For each radio interface, M.1457 contains an overview of that radio interface, followed by

a list of references to the detailed speciﬁcations. The actual speciﬁcations are maintained by

the individual SDOs and M.1457 provides references to the speciﬁcations transposed and

maintained by each SDO.

With the continuing development of the IMT-2000 radio interfaces, including the evo-

lution of UTRA to Evolved UTRA, the ITU recommendations also need to be updated. ITU-R

WP5D continuously revises recommendation M.1457 and at the time of writing it is in its

eleventh version. Input to the updates is provided by the SDOs and Partnership Projects

writing the standards. In the latest revision of ITU-R M.1457, LTE (or E-UTRA) is included

in the family through the 3GPP family members for UTRA FDD and TDD, as shown in

Figure 1.2.

IMT-Advanced is the term used for systems that include new radio interfaces supporting

the new capabilities of systems beyond IMT-2000, as demonstrated with the “van diagram” in

Figure 1.3. The step into IMT-Advanced capabilities is seen by ITU-R as the step into 4G, the

next generation of mobile technologies after 3G.

ITU-R Family of

IMT-2000 terrestrial Radio Interfaces

(ITU-R M.1457)

IMT-2000

CDMA TDD

(UTRA TDD and

E-UTRA TDD)

3GPP

IMT-2000

CDMA Multi-Carrier

(CDMA2000 and

UMB)

3GPP2

IMT-2000

CDMA Direct Spread

(UTRA FDD and

E-UTRA FDD)

3GPP

IMT-2000

OFDMA TDD WMAN

(WiMAX)

IEEE

IMT-2000

FDMA/TDMA

(DECT)

ETSI

IMT-2000

TDMA Single-Carrier

(UWC 136)

ATIS/TIA

FIGURE 1.2

The deﬁnition of IMT-2000 in ITU-R

1.3 ITU activities 5

The process for deﬁning IMT-Advanced was set by ITU-R WP5D [3] and was quite

similar to the process used in developing the IMT-2000 recommendations. ITU-R ﬁrst

concluded studies for IMT-Advanced of services and technologies, market forecasts, prin-

ciples for standardization, estimation of spectrum needs, and identiﬁcation of candidate

frequency bands [4]. Evaluation criteria were agreed, where proposed technologies were to be

evaluated according to a set of minimum technical requirements. All ITU members and other

organizations were then invited to the process through a circular letter [5] in March 2008.

After submission of six candidate technologies in 2009, an evaluation was performed in

cooperation with external bodies such as standards-developing organizations, industry fora,

and national groups.

An evolution of LTE as developed by 3GPP was submitted as one candidate to the ITU-R

evaluation. While actually being a new release (release 10) of the LTE system and thus an

integral part of the continuing LTE development, the candidate was named LTE-Advanced for

the purpose of ITU submission. 3GPP also set up its own set of technical requirements for

LTE-Advanced, with the ITU-R requirements as a basis. The speciﬁcs of LTE-Advanced will

be described in more detail as part of the description of LTE later in this book. The performance

evaluation of LTE-Advanced for the ITU-R submission is described further in Chapter 20.

The target of the process was always harmonization of the candidates through consensus

building. ITU-R determined in October 2010 that two technologies would be included in the ﬁrst

release of IMT-Advanced, those two being LTE from release 10 (“LTE-Advanced”) and

WirelessMAN-Advanced [6] based on the IEEE 802.16m speciﬁcation. The two can be viewed

as the “family” of IMT-Advanced technologies as shown in Figure 1.4.ThemainIMT-

Advanced recommendation, identifying the IMT-Advanced radio interface speciﬁcations, is

spbM0001spbM1 100 Mbps10 Mbps

Peak data rate

Low

High

3G evolution

Enhanced

IMT-2000

New mobile

access

New nomadic/local

area wireless access

Mobility

IMT-Advanced =

New capabilities

of systems beyond

IMT-2000

FIGURE 1.3

Illustration of capabilities of IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced, based on the framework described in

ITU-R Recommendation M.1645 [47]

6 CHAPTER 1 Background of LTE

ITU-R M.2012 [7]. As for the corresponding IMT-2000 speciﬁcation, it contains an overview

of each radio interface, followed by a list of references to the detailed speciﬁcations.

Looking further into the future, a new recommendation, “Framework and overall objec-

tives of future development of IMT for 2020 and beyond” [120], is initiated within ITU-R WP

5D. The recommendation is a ﬁrst step for deﬁning developments of IMT in the future,

looking at the future roles of IMT and how it can serve society, looking at market, user and

technology trends, and spectrum implications. As a parallel activity, ITU-R WP5D is also

developing a report on “Future technology trends of terrestrial IMT systems” [121], with a

focus on the time period 2015-2020. The report will cover trends of future IMT technology

aspects by looking at the technical and operational characteristics of IMT systems and how

they are improved with the evolution of IMT technologies.

In this way, the report on technology trends relates the coming releases of LTE-Advanced

in release 12 and beyond, while the recommendation on a future IMT Vision looks further

ahead and beyond 2020. The deliverables will be ready by 2015 and will be available as input

to the World Radio Conference 2015 (WRC’15, see next section). Chapter 21 discusses some

of the technology components considered for LTE in release 12 and beyond, as well as future

radio access in general.

1.3.2 Spectrum for IMT systems

Another major activity within ITU-R concerning IMT-Advanced has been to identify globally

available spectrum, suitable for IMT systems. The spectrum work has involved sharing

studies between IMT and other technologies in those bands. Adequate spectrum availability

and globally harmonized spectrum are identiﬁed as essential for IMT-Advanced.

Spectrum for 3G was ﬁrst identiﬁed at the World Administrative Radio Congress WARC -9 2 ,

where 230 MHz was identiﬁed as intended for use by national administrations that want to

implement IMT-2000. The so-called IMT-2000 “core band” at 2 GHz is in this frequency range

and was the ﬁrst band where 3G systems were deployed.

IMT-Advanced terrestrial Radio Interfaces

(ITU-R M.2012)

WirelessMAN-Advanced

(WiMAX/

IEEE 802.16m)

IEEE

LTE-Advanced

(E-UTRA/

Release 10+)

3GPP

FIGURE 1.4

Radio interface technologies IMT-Advanced

1.3 ITU activities 7

Additional spectrum was identiﬁed for IMT-2000 at later World Radio communication

conferences. WRC-2000 identiﬁed the existing 2G bands at 800/900 MHz and 1800/1900 MHz,

plus an additional 190 MHz of spectrum at 2.6 GHz, all for IMT-2000. As additional spectrum for

IMT-2000, WRC’07 identiﬁed a band at 450 MHz, the so-called “digital dividend” at 698–806

MHz, plus an additional 300 MHz of spectrum at higher frequencies. The applicability of these

new bands varies on a regional and national basis. WRC’12 did not identify any additional

spectrum allocations for IMT, but the issue was put on the agenda for WRC’15. It was also

determined to study the use of the band 694-790 MHz for mobile services in Region 1 (Europe,

Middle East, and Africa).

The worldwide frequency arrangements for IMT are outlined in ITU-R recommendation

M.1036 [8], which is presently being updated with the arrangements for the most recent

frequency bands added. The recommendation outlines the regional variations in how the

bands are implemented and also identiﬁes which parts of the spectrum are paired and which

are unpaired. For the paired spectrum, the bands for uplink (mobile transmit) and downlink

(base-station transmit) are identiﬁed for Frequency-Division Duplex (FDD) operation. The

unpaired bands can, for example, be used for Time-Division Duplex (TDD) operation. Note

that the band that is most globally deployed for 3G is still 2 GHz.

The same bands that were originally deﬁned for IMT-2000 and used for 3G deployment

are also being used for 4G, including LTE-Advanced deployment. The latest version of

the ITU-R spectrum recommendation M.1036 [8] is renamed with a more generic title having

the identiﬁer “IMT” instead of “IMT-2000” and is now applicable for both LTE and

LTE-Advanced deployments. Some regions and countries have issued licenses for new

spectrum identiﬁed at WRC-2000 and WRC’07 with the intention of allowing 4G

deployments, but in most cases new spectrum is licensed on a technology-neutral basis. Many

new deployments are either 4G or 3G, but some are also a mix of 4G and 3G, sometimes also

together with signiﬁcant parts of the spectrum still used for 2G.

1.4 Drivers for LTE and LTE-Advanced

The evolution of 3G systems into 4G is driven by the creation and development of new

services for mobile devices, and is enabled by advancement of the technology available for

mobile systems. There has also been an evolution of the environment in which mobile

systems are deployed and operated, in terms of competition between mobile operators,

challenges from other mobile technologies, and new regulation of spectrum use and market

aspects of mobile systems.

The rapid evolution of the technology used in telecommunication systems, consumer

electronics, and speciﬁcally mobile devices has been remarkable in the last 20 years. Moore’s

law illustrates this and indicates a continuing evolution of processor performance and

increased memory size, often combined with reduced size, power consumption, and cost for

devices. Combined with a high-speed internet backbone often based on optical ﬁber

8 CHAPTER 1 Background of LTE

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