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C#环境下的严肃游戏开发指南：初学者入门教程

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"C#游戏编程: For Serious Game Creation" 是一本由 Daniel Schuller 编著的教程，专为那些想要在C#环境中探索游戏开发的初学者设计。本书作为Cengage Learning出版物的一部分，由 CourseTechnology PTR 发行，展示了作者对严肃游戏开发的专业见解。作者以其丰富的经验和深入浅出的方式，引导读者掌握C#语言在游戏制作中的应用。该书涵盖了广泛的C#游戏编程基础知识，包括但不限于面向对象编程、图形渲染（利用OpenGL）、用户界面设计、游戏逻辑、物理引擎集成以及可能的游戏架构。它不仅注重技术细节，还强调了如何将游戏设计理论与实践相结合，使学习者能够在实践中提升技能，创作出具有吸引力和教育价值的严肃游戏。对于那些对游戏开发充满热情，并希望将C#作为主要工具的读者，这本书提供了一个坚实的基础。通过跟随书中的项目示例和实用指导，初学者能够逐步建立起自己的游戏开发能力，并了解如何利用C#的强大功能来构建跨平台的应用。书中包含了来自各个领域的专业人员的贡献，如封面设计师Mike Tanamachi、项目编辑Jenny Davidson等，确保了内容的专业性和完整性。此外，还有专门的技术审查员James E. Perry确保了技术准确无误，而Broccoli Indexing Services的索引服务则帮助读者快速找到所需信息。版权方面，该书受到严格保护，未经许可，任何复制、传播或任何形式的使用都是违法的。"C# Game Programming: For Serious Game Creation"是一本理想的资源，无论你是想进入游戏开发领域，还是希望提升现有技能，都将为你提供宝贵的指导和支持。

part I

Background

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chapter 1

The History of C#

C# is a modern object-oriented language developed by a Microsoft team led by

Anders Hejlsberg. The Common Language Runtime, or CLR for short, is the

virtual machine on which C# runs. Many languages run on the CLR and this

means they can all be compiled and used on Windows PCs, the Xbox 360, and

the Zune. The CLR is owned and developed by Microsoft, but there is also an

open-source version of the CLR called Mono. Using Mono, C# programs can be

run on Macs, Linux, or any other system for which Mono can be compi led.

In the game indus try, we use Cþþ, but it’s not because we want to. Cþþ is a

sprawling language with lots of areas that can trap an unwary programmer and

many areas that are simply undefined. C# is much friendlier than Cþþ and it’s

far more fun to use for writing games.

C# Basics

C# was first announced in July 2000 at the Microsoft Professional Developers

Conference in Orlando . At the time it was a little like the Microsoft version of

Java, but it rapidly developed into something mu ch different. C#’s most recent

updates are very innovative and exciting.

Modern languages like C# and Java make programs that run on virtual machines.

Older language like Cþþ and C make programs that run directly on the hard-

ware of a specific machine. The hardware that runs the program is called the

central processing unit, or CPU for short. This is the brain of the computer.

Modern Macs and PCs generally have an x86 CPU; the XBox 360 has a Xenon

CPU; and the PS3 has a Cell CPU. All of these brains are slightly different but

share the same basic purpose—to run the programs programmers write. Pro-

grams are just lists of instructions. The instructions a particular CPU under-

stands are called machine code. Machine code for one CPU is unlikely to be

understood by a different type of CPU.

Compilers take human-readable source code, written in a language like Cþþ

or C, and compile it into machine code. For example, the PlayStation 3 Cþþ

compiler compiles source code into machine code that can run on the Cell CPU.

To run the same Cþþ code on the Xbox 360 Xenon CPU, it must be compiled

again using the Xbox 360 Cþþ complier. C# doesn’t work like this. C# compiles

down to an assembly language called the common intermediate language or CIL.

CIL is then run on a virtual machine that generates the machine code for the

particular system. In the PlayStation 3 case that would mean to run C# on the

PlayStation, it would need a virtual machine that could take CIL code and out-

put machine code that the Cell CPU understands. This difference between lan-

guages using virtual machines and languages that compile directly to machine

code is shown in Figure 1.1.

C#s virtual machine, the CLR, has many advantages. The biggest advantage is

you only need write the code once and it will run on every CPU that supports the

Figure 1.1

Virtual machines and directly compiled code.

Chapter 1

■

The History of C#4

CLR. It’s very hard to crash the system using C# because the system is insulated

by this virtual machine. The virtual machine can catch errors before sending

them to the real hardware. Also you don’t need to worry about allocating and

freeing memory as this is done automatically. Programming languages can be

mixed and matched provided they all compile to the CLR; languages such as F#,

IronLisp, IronRuby, IronPython, and IronScheme can all be used in a single

program. As a game programmer you could write your AI in a high-level, AI-

friendly language and your graphics code in a more procedural C-like language.

Versions of C#

C# is regularly update d with new functionality and improvements. Even if you

have programmed in C# before you may not be aware of all the new features

added to the language in recent updates.

C# 2.0

C# version 2.0 added generics and anonymous delegates. It’s easiest to explain

these new features with examples.

Generics

Generics are a way of writing code to use some general object with some general

properties, rather than a specific object. Generics can be used with classes,

methods, interfaces, and structs to define what data type they will use. The data

types used with generic code are specified at compile tim e, which means the

programmer no longer has to be responsible for writing test code to check that

the correct data type is being used. This in turn makes the code shorter because

test code doesn’t need to be written , and safer because it reduces type mismatch

errors at run time. Generic code also tends to be faster because less casting be-

tween data types has to be performed.

The following code is written without the use of generics.

ArrayList _list ¼ new ArrayList();

_list.Add(1.3); // boxing converts value type to a reference type

_list.Add(1.0);

//Unboxing Converts reference type to a value type.

object objectAtPositionZero ¼ _list[0];

double valueOne ¼ (double) objectAtPositionZero;

double valueTwo ¼ (double) _list[1];

C# Basics 5

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C#环境下的严肃游戏开发指南：初学者入门教程

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