iPhone用户界面指南：打造卓越用户体验

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《iPhone Human Interface Guidelines》是一份由Apple Inc.于2010年8月3日发布的官方文档，专为iOS平台的应用开发者设计，旨在提供一套详尽的指南，帮助他们创建出优秀的用户界面（User Experience），以确保与iPhone设备兼容并提供卓越的用户体验。这份文档涵盖了iOS开发的基础和最佳实践，包括但不限于以下几个关键知识点： 1. **引言**：介绍了该指南的目的，强调了遵循指南的重要性，以便为用户提供直观、一致且高效的交互体验。 2. **iOS平台：无限可能**：这部分详细描述了iOS平台的特点，如其特有功能、硬件特性以及与不同版本的兼容性，帮助开发者充分利用平台潜力。 3. **人类界面原则**：阐述了设计原则，如清晰的层次结构、简洁的设计、易于理解和操作等，以确保用户界面设计符合苹果的设计理念。 4. **应用开发流程：从定义到品牌**：涵盖了产品构思、原型设计、品牌一致性等方面，指导开发者如何从全局视角构建一个应用程序。 5. **处理常见任务**：提供了处理标准操作和交互方式的策略，例如数据输入、导航和状态管理，以优化用户日常使用体验。 6. **应用界面概览**：通过示例展示了iPhone应用的不同组成部分，如导航栏、标签栏、工具栏和状态栏，以及它们在设计中的作用。 7. **通知与对话框**：介绍了 alerts、action sheets 和 modal views 的使用场景，这些都是与用户进行交互的重要元素，确保及时传达信息或请求反馈。 8. **表格视图、文本视图和Web视图**：讲解了这些常用的视图类型在应用程序中的应用，以及如何展示数据和内容。 9. **应用控制**：涵盖了各种控件和交互元素的设计，如滑动、按钮、切换器等，以及如何实现响应式和动态用户界面。 10. **系统提供的按钮和图标**：强调了使用标准系统元素的重要性，同时提供了自定义图标和图像的指引，保持视觉一致性。 11. **创建自定义图标和图片**：提供了关于设计和创建适应不同屏幕尺寸和分辨率的图标以及图形资产的详细指导。 12. **许可和版权声明**：明确了文档的使用权限，强调了尊重知识产权的重要性，以及未经许可商业用途的潜在法律后果。《iPhone Human Interface Guidelines》是iOS开发者必须研读的文档，它不仅为开发者提供了技术规范，还深入探讨了用户体验设计的最佳实践，对于确保应用程序的质量和用户满意度至关重要。

Memory is Limited

Memory is a critical resource in iOS, so managing memory in your application is crucial. Because the iOS

virtual memory model does not include disk swap space, you must take care to avoid allocating more memory

than is available on the device. When low-memory conditions occur, iOS warns the running application and

may terminate the application if the problem persists. Be sure your application is responsive to memory

usage warnings and cleans up memory in a timely manner.

As you design your application, strive to reduce the application’s memory footprint by, for example, eliminating

memory leaks, making resource files as small as possible, and loading resources lazily. See iOS Application

Programming Guide for extensive information about how to design iPhone applications that handle memory

appropriately.

People See One Screen at a Time

One of the biggest differences between the iOS environment and the computer environment is the window

paradigm. With the exceptions of some modal views, users see a single application screen at a time on an

iOS-based device. iPhone applications can contain as many different screens as necessary, but users access

and see them sequentially, not simultaneously.

If the desktop version of your application requires users to see several windows simultaneously, you need

to decide if there’s a different way users can accomplish the same task in a single screen or a sequence of

screens. If not, you should focus your iPhone application on a single subtask of your computer application,

instead of trying to replicate a wider feature set.

People Interact with One Application at a Time

Only one application is visible in the foreground at a time. When people switch from one application to

another, the previous application quits and its user interface goes away. Prior to iOS 4.0, this meant that the

quitting application was immediately removed from memory. In iOS 4.0 and later, the quitting application

transitions to the background, where it may or may not continue running. This feature, called multitasking,

allows applications to remain in the background until they are launched again or until they are terminated.

Note: Multitasking is available on certain devices running iOS 4.0.

Most applications enter a suspended state when they transition to the background. When people restart a

suspended application, it can instantly resume running from the point where it quit, without having to reload

its user interface.

Some applications might need to continue running in the background while users run another application

in the foreground. For example, users might want an application that plays audio to continue playing even

while they’re using a different application to check their calendar or handle email.

To learn about how multitasking can impact your application’s behavior, see “Accommodating

Multitasking” (page 46).

Device Characteristics to Keep in Mind

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The iOS Platform: Rich with Possibilities

Onscreen User Help is Minimal

Mobile users don’t have the time to read through a lot of help content before they can use your application.

What’s more, you don’t want to give up valuable space to display or store it. A hallmark of the design of

iOS-based devices is ease of use, so it’s crucial that you meet users’ expectations and make the use of your

application immediately obvious. There are a few things you can do to achieve this:

■ Use standard controls correctly. Users are familiar with the standard controls they see in the built-in

applications, so they already know how to use them in your application.

■ Be sure the path through the information you present is logical and easy for users to predict. In addition,

be sure to provide markers, such as back buttons, that users can use to find out where they are and how

to retrace their steps.

What Are Your Options?

Before you decide how to present your product to iOS users, you need to understand the range of options

you have. Depending on the implementation details of your proposed product and its intended audience,

some types of software may be better suited to your needs than others.

This section divides software for iOS-based devices into three broad categories, primarily based on

implementation method. Roughly speaking, you can create:

■ An iPhone application, which is an application you develop using the iPhone SDK to run natively on

iOS-based devices.

■ Web-only content, including web applications, which are websites that behave like built-in iPhone

applications.

■ A hybrid application, which is an iPhone application that provides access to web content primarily

through a web-content viewing area, but includes some iOS user interface elements.

iPhone Applications

iPhone applications resemble the built-in applications on iOS-based devices in that they reside on the device

itself and take advantage of features of the iOS environment. Users install iPhone applications on their devices

and use them just as they use built-in applications, such as Stocks, Maps, Calculator, and Mail.

An iPhone application is quick to launch and easy to use. Whether the application enables a task like sending

email or provides entertainment to users, it is characterized by responsiveness, simplicity, and a beautiful,

streamlined user interface.

Web-only Content

You have a few different options when it comes to providing web-only content to iOS users:

■ Web applications

What Are Your Options? 17

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The iOS Platform: Rich with Possibilities

Webpages that provide a focused solution to a task and conform to certain display guidelines are known

as web applications, because they behave similarly to the built-in iOS applications. A web application,

like all web-only content, runs in Safari on iOS; users do not install it on their devices, instead they go to

the web application’s URL.

■ Optimized webpages

Webpages that are optimized for Safari on iOS display and operate as designed (with the exception of

any elements that rely on unsupported technologies, such as plug-ins, Flash, and Java). In addition, an

optimized webpage correctly scales content for the device screen and is often designed to detect when

it is being viewed on iOS-based devices, so that it can adjust the content it provides accordingly.

■ Compatible webpages

Webpages that are compatible with Safari on iOS display and operate as designed (with the exception

of any elements that rely on unsupported technologies, such as plug-ins, Flash, and Java). A compatible

webpage does not tend to take extra steps to optimize the viewing experience on iOS-based devices,

but the device usually displays the page successfully.

If you have an existing website or web application, first ensure that it works well on iOS-based devices. Also,

you should consider creating a custom icon users can put on their Home screens using the Web Clip feature.

In effect, this allows users to keep on their Home Screens a bookmark to your website that looks like a native

application icon. To learn more about creating a custom icon and how to make web content look great on

iOS-based devices, see iPhone Human Interface Guidelines for Web Applications.

Hybrid Applications

With iOS, you can create an application that combines features of native applications and webpages. A hybrid

application is a native iPhone application that provides most of its structure and functionality through a

web viewing area, but also tends to contain standard iOS user interface elements.

A hybrid application gives users access to web content with an element called a web view (described in “Web

Views” (page 114)). Precisely how you use a web view in your application is up to you, but it’s important to

avoid giving users the impression that your application is merely a mini web browser. A hybrid application

should behave and appear like a native iPhone application; it should not draw attention to the fact that it

depends upon web sources.

Three Application Styles

This document identifies three application styles, based on visual and behavioral characteristics, data model,

and user experience. Before you read further, it’s important to emphasize that these varieties are named and

described to help you clarify some of your design decisions, not to imply that there is a rigid classification

scheme that all iPhone software must follow. Instead, these styles are described to help you see how different

approaches can be suitable for different types of information and functionality.

Three Application Styles

CHAPTER 1

The iOS Platform: Rich with Possibilities

Note: Bear in mind that application style does not dictate implementation method. This document focuses

on designing native iPhone applications, but the application styles explored here can be implemented in

web or hybrid applications for iOS-based devices.

As you read about these three application styles, think about how the characteristics of each might enhance

your proposed feature set and the overall user experience you plan to deliver in your iPhone application. To

help you discover the combination of characteristics that best suit your application, keep the following

questions in mind as you learn about different design styles for iPhone applications:

■ What do you expect to be the user’s motivation for using the application?

■ What do you intend to be the user’s experience while using the application?

■ What is the goal or focus of your application?

■ How does your application organize and display the information people care about? Is there a natural

organization associated with the main task of the application?

Productivity Applications

A productivity application enables tasks that are based on the organization and manipulation of detailed

information. People use productivity applications to accomplish important tasks. Mail is a good example of

a productivity application.

Seriousness of purpose does not mean that productivity applications should attempt to appear serious by

providing a dry, uninspiring user experience, but it does mean that users appreciate a streamlined approach

that does not hinder them. To this end, successful productivity applications keep the user experience focused

on the task, so people can quickly find what they need, easily perform the necessary actions, complete the

task, and move on to something else.

Productivity applications often organize user data hierarchically. In this way, people can find information by

making progressively more specific choices until they arrive at the desired level of detail. iOS provides table

elements that make this process extremely efficient on iOS devices (see “Table Views” (page 99) for more

information about these user interface elements). Figure 1-1 shows an example of this type of data

organization.

Three Application Styles 19

CHAPTER 1

The iOS Platform: Rich with Possibilities

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