C++标准模板库实战指南

Using

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"Ivor Horton的《Using the C++ Standard Template Libraries》是一本关于C++标准模板库的教程，涵盖了该库中的一部分头文件中的类和函数模板。这些工具是泛型编程的一部分，提供了强大的功能，易于使用，使得许多原本复杂实现的任务变得简单。由它们生成的代码通常比自己编写的更高效、更可靠。" C++标准模板库(Standard Template Library，简称STL)是C++编程中不可或缺的一部分，它包含了一组预先定义的模板类和函数，为开发者提供了强大而高效的工具集。STL的主要组成部分包括： 1. 容器 (Containers): 容器是能够存储数据的对象，如vector(动态数组)，list(双向链表)，set(集合)和map(关联数组)等。它们提供了统一的接口，方便对数据进行添加、删除和访问。 2. 迭代器 (Iterators): 迭代器是STL中的一个重要概念，它就像指针一样可以遍历容器中的元素。通过迭代器，开发者可以以一致的方式处理不同类型的容器。 3. 预算器 (Algorithms): STL提供了一套丰富的算法，如排序(sort)，查找(find)，合并(merge)等，这些算法可以作用于各种容器上的元素。 4. 仿函数 (Functors) 和函数对象 (Function Objects): 仿函数是具有操作符()的对象，可以作为函数参数传递，增强了函数的灵活性。例如，用于比较的less，用于求和的plus等。 5. 联合容器 (Associative Containers): 包括set和map，它们内部使用红黑树实现，提供了按键值进行快速查找和插入的能力。 6. 非关联容器 (Non-associative Containers): 包括vector，deque(双端队列)和list，它们主要用于顺序存储和操作元素。 7. 动态内存管理 (Allocators): STL允许自定义内存分配器，以便在特定环境下优化内存使用。使用STL的优点在于它提供了模块化和可重用的代码，提高了开发效率，同时通过模板实现了泛型编程，使得代码具有更高的通用性。模板是C++的一个关键特性，允许创建可以在多种类型上工作的函数或类。通过模板，开发者可以编写一次代码，然后在多种数据类型上使用，减少了复制粘贴和错误的可能性。在实际应用中，例如，vector容器常用来代替传统的数组，因为它可以自动调整大小；而map则用于存储键值对，提供了快速的查找和关联操作。使用STL算法如sort，可以对容器中的元素进行排序，而不需要自己实现排序算法。《Using the C++ Standard Template Libraries》这本书将帮助读者深入理解和熟练运用C++ STL，提升其在C++编程中的效率和代码质量。通过学习书中提供的实例和实践，开发者可以更好地掌握这些工具，从而写出更加高效、可靠的代码。

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xix

About the Technical Reviewer

Marc Gregoire is a software engineer from Belgium. He graduated

from the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, with a degree in

“Burgerlijk ingenieur in de computer wetenschappen” (equivalent to

master of science in engineering in computer science). The year after, he

received the cum laude degree of master in artificial intelligence at the

same university. After his studies, Marc started working for a software

consultancy company called Ordina Belgium. As a consultant, he worked

for Siemens and Nokia Siemens Networks on critical 2G and 3G software

running on Solaris for telecom operators. This required working in

international teams spanning from South America and the United States

to Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. Now, Marc is working for

Nikon Metrology on 3D laser scanning software.

His main expertise is C/C++, specifically Microsoft VC++ and

the MFC framework. Next to C/C++, Marc also likes C# and uses PHP

for creating web pages. In addition to his main interest of Windows

development, he also has experience in developing C++ programs running 24/7 on Linux platforms (e.g., EIB

home automation software).

Since April 2007, he has received the yearly Microsoft MVP (Most Valuable Professional) award for his

Visual C++ expertise.

Marc is the founder of the Belgian C++ Users Group (www.becpp.org) and an active member on the

CodeGuru forum (as Marc G). He also creates freeware and shareware programs that are distributed through

his web site at www.nuonsoft.com, and maintains a blog on www.nuonsoft.com/blog/.

xxiii

Introduction

Welcome to Using the C++ Standard Template Libraries. This book is a tutorial on the class and function

templates that are contained within a subset of the header files that make up the C++ Standard Library.

These are generic programming tools that offer vast capability, are easy to use, and make many things simple

to implement that would otherwise be difficult. The code they generate is usually more efficient and reliable

than you could write yourself.

I’m usually unhappy with explanations of just what things do, without an elaboration of what things

are for. It’s often difficult to guess the latter from the former. My approach therefore, is not just to explain the

functionality of the class and function templates, but as far as possible to show how you apply them in a practical

context. This leads to some sizeable chunks of code at some points, but I believe you’ll think that it’s worth it.

The collection of header files from the C++ Standard Library that are the subject of this book have often

been referred to in the past as the Standard Template Library or simply the STL. I’ll use "the STL" in the book

as a convenient shorthand to mean the set of headers containing templates that I discuss in the book. Of

course, there’s really no such thing as the STL - the C++ Language Standard doesn’t mention it so formally it

doesn’t exist. In spite of the fact that it is undefined, most C++ programmers know roughly what is meant by

the STL. It’s been around in various guises for a long time.

The idea of generic programming that is embodied in the STL originated with Alexander Stepanov

back in 1979 - long before there was a standard for the C++ language. The first implementation of the STL

for C++ was originated by Stepanov and others around 1989 working at Hewlett Packard, and this STL

implementation was complementary to the libraries that were provided with C++ compilers at that time.

The capability offered by the STL was first considered for incorporation into the first proposed C++ language

standard in the early 1990s, and the essentials of the STL made it into the first language standard for C++

that was published in 1998. Since then the generic programming facilities that the STL represents have been

improved and extended, and templates are to be found in many header files that are not part of what could

be called the STL. All the material in the book relates to the most recently approved language standard at the

time of writing, which is C++ 14.

The STL is not a precise concept and this book doesn’t cover all the templates in the C++ Standard

Library. Overall, the book describes and demonstrates the templates from the Standard Library that I think

should be a first choice for C++ programmers to understand, especially those who are relatively new to C++.

The primary Standard Library header files that are discussed in depth include:

For data containers:

<array>, <vector>, <deque>, <stack>, <queue>, <list>,

<forward_list>, <set>, <unordered_set>, <map>, <unordered_map>

For iterators:

For algorithms:

For random numbers and statistics:

For processing numerical data:

For time and timing:

For complex numbers:

xxiv

■ IntroduCtIon

Templates from other headers such as <pair>, <tuple>, <functional>, and <memory> also get dragged

in to the book at various points. The templates for data containers are fundamental; these will be useful in

the majority of applications. Iterators are a basic tool for working with containers so they are included also.

Algorithms are function templates that operate on data stored in containers. These are powerful tools that

you can also apply to arrays and they are described and illustrated with working examples. I have included

a chapter that explains the templates that relate to random number generation and statistics. While some of

these are quite specialized, many are widely applicable in simulations, modeling, and games programs. The

templates for compute-intensive numerical data processing are discussed, and those relating to time and

timing. Finally, there’s a brief introduction to the class templates for working with complex numbers.

Prerequisites for Using the Book

To understand the contents of this book you need to have a basic working knowledge of the C++ language.

This book complements my Beginning C++ book, so if you have worked through that successfully, you’re in

good shape to tackle this. A basic understanding of what class templates and function templates are, and

how they work is essential, and I have included an overview of the basics of these in Chapter 1. If you are

not used to using templates, the syntax can give the impression that they are lot more complicated than

they really are. Once you get used to the notation, you’ll find them relatively easy to work with. Lambda

expressions are also used frequently with the STL so you need to be comfortable with those too.

You’ll need a C++ 14-compliant compiler and of course a text editor suitable for working with program

code. There has been quite a renaissance in C++ compiler development in recent years, and there are several

excellent compilers out there that are largely in conformance with C++ 14, in spite of it being a recently

approved standard. There are at least three available that you can use without charge:

• GCC is the GNU compiler collection that supports C++, C, and Fortran as well as

other languages. GCC supports all the C++ 14 features used in this book. You can

download GCC from gcc.gnu.org. The GCC compiler collection works with GNU and

Linux, but there’s a version for Microsoft Windows that you can download from

www.mingw.org.

• The ideaone online compiler supports C++ 14 and is accessible through ideaone.com.

The compiler it uses for C++ 14 is GCC 5.1 at the time of writing. ideaone.com also

supports a wide range of other programming languages, including C, Fortran,

and Java.

• The Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 Community Edition runs under the Microsoft

Windows operating system. It supports C++ as well as several other programming

languages and comes with a complete development environment.

Using the Book

For the most part, I have organized the material in this book to be read sequentially, so the best way to

use the book is to start at the beginning and keep going until you reach the end. Generally, I try not to use

capabilities before I have explained them. Once I have explained something, I plug it in to subsequent

material whenever it makes sense to do so, which is why I recommend going through the chapters

sequentially. There are a few topics that require some understanding of the underlying mathematics, and

I have included the maths in these instances. If you are not comfortable with the maths, you can skip these

without limiting your ability to understand what follows.

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