Subversion 1.7 版本控制指南

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"SVN手册 For Subversion 1.7" Subversion（SVN）是一种流行的开源版本控制系统，用于管理文件和目录的变更历史。Subversion 1.7 版本的手册详细介绍了这一版本的新特性、核心概念以及如何有效地使用 SVN 进行版本控制。在“VersionControl with Subversion”手册中，作者 Ben Collins-Sussman、Brian W. Fitzpatrick 和 C. Michael Pilato 提供了对 SVN 的深入理解。该手册涵盖的内容包括： 1. **Foreword** - 引言部分通常会介绍编写手册的目的和背景，以及为什么Subversion是重要的版本控制工具。 2. **Preface** - 前言中可能会解释Subversion的基本理念，它适合的使用场景，以及为什么读者需要了解这个工具。 3. **What Is Subversion?** - 这一部分将详细解释 Subversion 是什么，它如何工作，以及它与其他版本控制系统（如 CVS 或 Git）的区别。 4. **Is Subversion the Right Tool?** - 该章节讨论了在何时何地应该选择使用 Subversion，以及它相对于其他工具的优势。 5. **Subversion's History** - 描述了 Subversion 从早期发展到 1.7 版本的历史脉络，包括关键的里程碑和改进。 6. **Subversion's Architecture** - 深入探讨 Subversion 的架构设计，包括客户端-服务器模型、数据存储方式以及如何处理版本化信息。 7. **Subversion's Components** - 列出并解释了 Subversion 的各个组成部分，如客户端工具、服务器、库和命令行界面。 8. **What's New in Subversion 1.7** - 重点介绍了 1.7 版本相对于先前版本的主要改进和新功能，可能是性能优化、用户体验提升或新的API。 9. **Audience** - 确定了手册的目标读者群体，可能包括开发人员、项目经理、系统管理员等。 10. **How to Read This Book** - 提供了阅读和学习手册的建议，帮助读者更好地理解和应用书中的知识。 11. **Organization of This Book** - 描述了手册的结构和章节安排，使读者能快速找到所需信息。 12. **This Book Is Free** - 强调了手册的开放许可政策，允许自由复制和分发，遵循 Creative Commons Attribution 许可证。 13. **Acknowledgments** - 致谢部分感谢那些对手册编写作出贡献的人。 14. **Fundamental Concepts** - 开始介绍版本控制的基本概念，如版本库（Repository）、工作副本（Working Copy）和版本化模型。 15. **Version Control Basics** - 探讨版本控制的核心原理，如版本跟踪、合并冲突和分支管理。 16. **The Repository** - 解释了版本库的作用，它是存储所有项目文件和版本历史的地方。 17. **The Working Copy** - 详述工作副本的概念，它是用户实际修改和编辑文件的本地副本，与版本库同步。 18. **Versioning Models** - 比较和解释不同的版本控制模型，展示 Subversion 如何实现其独特的版本管理方式。 19. **Version Control the Subversion Way** - 展示 Subversion 实现版本控制的具体步骤和操作。通过这本手册，读者可以全面掌握 Subversion 的工作原理、使用方法以及最佳实践，从而更有效地在团队协作中进行代码管理和版本控制。

On one end is a Subversion repository that holds all of your versioned data. On the other end is your Subversion client program,

which manages local reflections of portions of that versioned data. Between these extremes are multiple routes through a Reposit-

ory Access (RA) layer, some of which go across computer networks and through network servers which then access the repository,

Preface

xvi

others of which bypass the network altogether and access the repository directly.

Subversion's Components

Subversion, once installed, has a number of different pieces. The following is a quick overview of what you get. Don't be alarmed

if the brief descriptions leave you scratching your head—plenty more pages in this book are devoted to alleviating that confusion.

svn

The command-line client program

svnversion

A program for reporting the state (in terms of revisions of the items present) of a working copy

svnlook

A tool for directly inspecting a Subversion repository

svnadmin

A tool for creating, tweaking, or repairing a Subversion repository

mod_dav_svn

A plug-in module for the Apache HTTP Server, used to make your repository available to others over a network

svnserve

A custom standalone server program, runnable as a daemon process or invokable by SSH; another way to make your reposit-

ory available to others over a network

svndumpfilter

A program for filtering Subversion repository dump streams

svnsync

A program for incrementally mirroring one repository to another over a network

svnrdump

A program for performing repository history dumps and loads over a network

What's New in Subversion

The first edition of this book was published by O'Reilly Media in 2004, shortly after Subversion had reached 1.0. Since that time,

the Subversion project has continued to release new major releases of the software. Here's a quick summary of major new changes

since Subversion 1.0. Note that this is not a complete list; for full details, please visit Subversion's web site at ht-

tp://subversion.apache.org.

Subversion 1.1 (September 2004)

Release 1.1 introduced FSFS, a flat-file repository storage option for the repository. While the Berkeley DB backend is still

widely used and supported, FSFS has since become the default choice for newly created repositories due to its low barrier to

entry and minimal maintenance requirements. Also in this release came the ability to put symbolic links under version control,

auto-escaping of URLs, and a localized user interface.

Subversion 1.2 (May 2005)

Release 1.2 introduced the ability to create server-side locks on files, thus serializing commit access to certain resources.

While Subversion is still a fundamentally concurrent version control system, certain types of binary files (e.g. art assets) can-

not be merged together. The locking feature fulfills the need to version and protect such resources. With locking also came a

complete WebDAV auto-versioning implementation, allowing Subversion repositories to be mounted as network folders. Fi-

nally, Subversion 1.2 began using a new, faster binary-differencing algorithm to compress and retrieve old versions of files.

Preface

xvii

Subversion 1.3 (December 2005)

Release 1.3 brought path-based authorization controls to the svnserve server, matching a feature formerly found only in the

Apache server. The Apache server, however, gained some new logging features of its own, and Subversion's API bindings to

other languages also made great leaps forward.

Subversion 1.4 (September 2006)

Release 1.4 introduced a whole new tool—svnsync—for doing one-way repository replication over a network. Major parts of

the working copy metadata were revamped to no longer use XML (resulting in client-side speed gains), while the Berkeley DB

repository backend gained the ability to automatically recover itself after a server crash.

Subversion 1.5 (June 2008)

Release 1.5 took much longer to finish than prior releases, but the headliner feature was gigantic: semi-automated tracking of

branching and merging. This was a huge boon for users, and pushed Subversion far beyond the abilities of CVS and into the

ranks of commercial competitors such as Perforce and ClearCase. Subversion 1.5 also introduced a bevy of other user-focused

features, such as interactive resolution of file conflicts, sparse checkouts, client-side management of changelists, powerful new

syntax for externals definitions, and SASL authentication support for the svnserve server.

Subversion 1.6 (March 2009)

Release 1.6 continued to make branching and merging more robust by introducing tree conflicts, and offered improvements to

several other existing features: more interactive conflict resolution options; de-telescoping and outright exclusion support for

sparse checkouts; file-based externals definitions; and operational logging support for svnserve similar to what mod_dav_svn

offered. Also, the command-line client introduced a new shortcut syntax for referring to Subversion repository URLs.

Subversion 1.7 (October 2011)

Release 1.7 was primarily a delivery vehicle for two big plumbing overhauls of existing Subversion components. The largest

and most impactful of these was the so-called “WC-NG”—a complete rewrite of the libsvn_wc working copy management

library. The second change was the introduction of a sleeker HTTP protocol for Subversion client/server interaction. Subver-

sion 1.7 delivered a handful of additional features, many bug fixes, and some notable performance improvements, too.

Audience

This book is written for computer-literate folk who want to use Subversion to manage their data. While Subversion runs on a num-

ber of different operating systems, its primary user interface is command-line-based. That command-line tool (svn), and some ad-

ditional auxiliary programs, are the focus of this book.

For consistency, the examples in this book assume that the reader is using a Unix-like operating system and is relatively comfort-

able with Unix and command-line interfaces. That said, the svn program also runs on non-Unix platforms such as Microsoft Win-

dows. With a few minor exceptions, such as the use of backward slashes (\) instead of forward slashes (/) for path separators, the

input to and output from this tool when run on Windows are identical to that of its Unix counterpart.

Most readers are probably programmers or system administrators who need to track changes to source code. This is the most com-

mon use for Subversion, and therefore it is the scenario underlying all of the book's examples. But Subversion can be used to man-

age changes to any sort of information—images, music, databases, documentation, and so on. To Subversion, all data is just data.

While this book is written with the assumption that the reader has never used a version control system, we've also tried to make it

easy for users of CVS (and other systems) to make a painless leap into Subversion. Special sidebars may mention other version

control systems from time to time, and Appendix B, Subversion for CVS Users summarizes many of the differences between CVS

and Subversion.

Note also that the source code examples used throughout the book are only examples. While they will compile with the proper

compiler incantations, they are intended to illustrate a particular scenario and not necessarily to serve as examples of good pro-

gramming style or practices.

How to Read This Book

Preface

xviii

Technical books always face a certain dilemma: whether to cater to top-down or to bottom-up learners. A top-down learner prefers

to read or skim documentation, getting a large overview of how the system works; only then does she actually start using the soft-

ware. A bottom-up learner is a “learn by doing” person—someone who just wants to dive into the software and figure it out as she

goes, referring to book sections when necessary. Most books tend to be written for one type of person or the other, and this book is

undoubtedly biased toward top-down learners. (And if you're actually reading this section, you're probably already a top-down

learner yourself!) However, if you're a bottom-up person, don't despair. While the book may be laid out as a broad survey of Sub-

version topics, the content of each section tends to be heavy with specific examples that you can try-by-doing. For the impatient

folks who just want to get going, you can jump right to Appendix A, Subversion Quick-Start Guide.

Regardless of your learning style, this book aims to be useful to people of widely different backgrounds—from those with no pre-

vious experience in version control to experienced system administrators. Depending on your own background, certain chapters

may be more or less important to you. The following can be considered a “recommended reading list” for various types of readers:

Experienced system administrators

The assumption here is that you've probably used version control before and are dying to get a Subversion server up and run-

ning ASAP. Chapter 5, Repository Administration and Chapter 6, Server Configuration will show you how to create your first

repository and make it available over the network. After that's done, Chapter 2, Basic Usage and Appendix B, Subversion for

CVS Users are the fastest routes to learning the Subversion client.

New users

Your administrator has probably set up Subversion already, and you need to learn how to use the client. If you've never used a

version control system, then Chapter 1, Fundamental Concepts is a vital introduction to the ideas behind version control.

Chapter 2, Basic Usage is a guided tour of the Subversion client.

Advanced users

Whether you're a user or administrator, eventually your project will grow larger. You're going to want to learn how to do more

advanced things with Subversion, such as how to use Subversion's property support (Chapter 3, Advanced Topics), how to use

branches and perform merges (Chapter 4, Branching and Merging), how to configure runtime options (Chapter 7, Customizing

Your Subversion Experience), and other things. These chapters aren't critical at first, but be sure to read them once you're com-

fortable with the basics.

Developers

Presumably, you're already familiar with Subversion, and now want to either extend it or build new software on top of its

many APIs. Chapter 8, Embedding Subversion is just for you.

The book ends with reference material—Chapter 9, Subversion Complete Reference is a reference guide for all Subversion com-

mands, and the appendixes cover a number of useful topics. These are the chapters you're mostly likely to come back to after

you've finished the book.

Organization of This Book

The chapters that follow and their contents are listed here:

Chapter 1, Fundamental Concepts

Explains the basics of version control and different versioning models, along with Subversion's repository, working copies,

and revisions.

Chapter 2, Basic Usage

Walks you through a day in the life of a Subversion user. It demonstrates how to use a Subversion client to obtain, modify, and

commit data.

Chapter 3, Advanced Topics

Covers more complex features that regular users will eventually come into contact with, such as versioned metadata, file lock-

ing, and peg revisions.

Preface

xix

Chapter 4, Branching and Merging

Discusses branches, merges, and tagging, including best practices for branching and merging, common use cases, how to undo

changes, and how to easily swing from one branch to the next.

Chapter 5, Repository Administration

Describes the basics of the Subversion repository, how to create, configure, and maintain a repository, and the tools you can

use to do all of this.

Chapter 6, Server Configuration

Explains how to configure your Subversion server and offers different ways to access your repository: HTTP, the svn pro-

tocol, and local disk access. It also covers the details of authentication, authorization and anonymous access.

Chapter 7, Customizing Your Subversion Experience

Explores the Subversion client configuration files, the handling of internationalized text, and how to make external tools co-

operate with Subversion.

Chapter 8, Embedding Subversion

Describes the internals of Subversion, the Subversion filesystem, and the working copy administrative areas from a program-

mer's point of view. It also demonstrates how to use the public APIs to write a program that uses Subversion.

Chapter 9, Subversion Complete Reference

Explains in great detail every subcommand of svn, svnadmin, and svnlook with plenty of examples for the whole family!

Appendix A, Subversion Quick-Start Guide

For the impatient, a whirlwind explanation of how to install Subversion and start using it immediately. You have been warned.

Appendix B, Subversion for CVS Users

Covers the similarities and differences between Subversion and CVS, with numerous suggestions on how to break all the bad

habits you picked up from years of using CVS. Included are descriptions of Subversion revision numbers, versioned director-

ies, offline operations, update versus status, branches, tags, metadata, conflict resolution, and authentication.

Appendix C, WebDAV and Autoversioning

Describes the details of WebDAV and DeltaV and how you can configure your Subversion repository to be mounted read/

write as a DAV share.

Appendix D, Copyright

A copy of the Creative Commons Attribution License, under which this book is licensed.

This Book Is Free

This book started out as bits of documentation written by Subversion project developers, which were then coalesced into a single

work and rewritten. As such, it has always been under a free license (see Appendix D, Copyright). In fact, the book was written in

the public eye, originally as part of the Subversion project itself. This means two things:

• You will always find the latest version of this book in the book's own Subversion repository.

• You can make changes to this book and redistribute it however you wish—it's under a free license. Your only obligation is to

maintain proper attribution to the original authors. Of course, we'd much rather you send feedback and patches to the Subversion

developer community, instead of distributing your private version of this book.

The online home of this book's development and most of the volunteer-driven translation efforts regarding it is ht-

tp://svnbook.red-bean.com. There you can find links to the latest releases and tagged versions of the book in various formats, as

well as instructions for accessing the book's Subversion repository (where its DocBook XML source code lives). Feedback is wel-

comed—encouraged, even. Please submit all comments, complaints, and patches against the book sources to

<svnbook-dev@red-bean.com>.

Preface

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