DirectX9编程图形管道详解

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《DirectX9.0编程图形管道指南》是一本由Microsoft Press出版的专业技术书籍，它深入探讨了如何利用Microsoft DirectX 9.0技术进行高级图形编程。本书专为那些希望在游戏开发、图形渲染和计算机图形学领域提升技能的开发者设计，特别是针对那些使用Direct3D API（DirectX的3D图形部分）进行创作的人员。书中内容涵盖了DirectX 9.0图形管道的各个方面，包括但不限于： programmable vertex and pixel shaders（可编程顶点和像素着色器），这是DirectX 9.0的一个重要特性，允许开发者编写自定义的计算代码来处理图形数据，提供了极大的灵活性和性能优化潜力。此外，书中还会讲解如何利用硬件T&L（transform and lighting，变换与照明）加速，以及如何通过硬件级管线管理纹理过滤、混合和光照计算。书中还将涉及如何在Visual C++和Visual Studio这样的Microsoft开发环境中集成和调试DirectX代码，以及如何将这些技术应用到Windows和Windows NT操作系统上。对于图形程序员来说，理解并掌握DirectX 9.0的编程图形管道是至关重要的，因为它不仅影响到游戏的视觉效果，还对性能有着直接的影响。版权方面，所有内容未经Microsoft Corporation书面许可不得复制或传播。图书馆馆藏记录和图书在公共图书馆目录服务中的信息可能还在准备中。本书是在美国印刷并装订，同时也在加拿大通过H.B.Fenn and Company Ltd.分销。如果你寻求国际版本的信息或者想了解更多的技术细节，可以通过联系当地的微软公司办公室或者直接通过传真(425)936-7329访问Microsoft Press International的网站，网址为www.microsoft.com/mspress。对于读者的反馈，可以直接发送邮件至msput@microsoft.com。《DirectX9.0编程图形管道》是一本不可或缺的参考资料，无论是初学者还是经验丰富的开发者，都能从中获取宝贵的知识和实践指导，以提升他们的图形编程能力并推动游戏和图形技术的发展。

Foreword xv

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Another advantage of high-level languages is that code written by one

developer or artist has a very good chance of being understandable and usable

by the next. The resulting interchange of ideas should snowball to new heights

of innovation.

HLSL is the standard for today’s consumer graphics hardware, supported

by all vendors. Although its advantages are many, the fundamental point is to

enable developers to apply all the skills that they have known for years in just

writing software, which will enable the interactive 3-D medium to take the next

leap forward.

This book is the first centralized collection of all the materials needed to

understand and use HLSL. It provides the complete context for understanding

and using the language. Following the history of programmability, the book

first covers the virtual machines that are the ancestors of the language. Next, the

book introduces and defines the language itself and includes examples of inter-

esting shaders to introduce a few of the possibilities for developers to explore

in this powerful new medium.

The book also describes the Direct3-D support technologies, known as

D3DX. D3DX supports the HLSL language such as the D3DX Effects framework,

which helps manage and integrate shaders into production applications. These

technologies will be the medium of tomorrow. HLSL, extended by the power of

effects, will allow developers to easily take advantage of multiple generations

of hardware that exist today, as well as future hardware that is just now being

dreamed of.

Credits

Thanks to everyone on Team DirectX and our partners for helping to make

HLSL successful, but most especially, thanks to all our customers, who provide

the motivation and inspiration for everything we do.

Chas. Boyd

DirectX Graphics Architect

Microsoft Corporation

May 1, 2003

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Introduction

This book focuses on the DirectX 9 programmable graphics pipeline, which

implements vertex shaders, pixel shaders, and effects. I did not attempt to cover

the fixed-function pipeline functionality that has been implemented since the

early versions of Microsoft DirectX. Some of the samples in the book use tex-

ture samplers and frame buffer alpha blending. These topics apply to both pro-

grammable and fixed-function shaders.

The Organization of This Book

Part I details assembly-language shaders, both vertex and pixel shaders. These

shaders were the first programmable shaders in DirectX. They use assembly-lan-

guage instructions. The virtual machines that implement the shader functionality

are built from shader registers, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and instructions.

Part II details the new high-level shader language (HLSL). HLSL does

everything that can be done with assembly-language shaders, but it uses a C-

like language to do it. Using a C-like language creates more readable programs

that are far easier to write and debug. Code sharing with an HLSL shader is also

faster because the code is easier to read.

Part III details the effect framework. An effect renders a scene in a partic-

ular style that’s determined by the shaders and the pipeline states that are set.

Effects can contain vertex shaders, pixel shaders, and texture shaders built from

assembly language and HLSL.

Samples in this book are designed to add incremental functionality from

Part I to Part III. The earliest samples start with a single vertex shader that dem-

onstrates how to assemble (or compile) the shader code and call the APIs to

render an image. From there, the samples add progressively more—a vertex

and a pixel shader to do some simple 2-D image processing, and blending a

semi-transparent glow with the multitexture blender and the frame buffer. In

Part II, similar samples are converted to HLSL to illustrate the changes required

when using HLSL. HLSL makes it easy to take vertex shader outputs and use

them in a pixel shader. HLSL also supports texture shaders, which are called to

generate procedural textures. In Part III, all the pipeline state changes are

encapsulated in an effect. Effects make it easier to manage pipeline state

(including shader state, which is just another type of state to an effect). Render-

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