成本优化Oracle基础：理解与实践

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《基于成本的Oracle基础》是一本由Jonathan Lewis编著的专业书籍，版权属于2006年，强调在数据库管理和优化领域中采用成本为基础的方法。该书深入探讨了Oracle数据库管理系统（Oracle DBMS）如何通过分析执行计划的成本来做出决策，以提高查询性能和资源利用率。在成本基础上的Oracle Fundamentals是数据库管理员和SQL查询开发者的重要参考资料。它讲解的核心概念包括但不限于： 1. **成本模型**：书中详细介绍了Oracle的代价模型，这是决定查询执行计划选择的关键因素。Oracle使用统计信息和内部算法来估算每个操作（如全表扫描、索引查找等）的成本，以便在多个可能的执行路径中选择最经济的方案。 2. **参数调优**：作者强调了调整系统参数如COST_BASED_PARAMETER_Tuning的重要性，这些参数可以影响成本估算的准确性，从而影响查询执行的效率。 3. **统计信息管理**：保持良好的统计信息是成本计算的基础。书中的内容可能涉及如何收集、维护和分析统计信息，以确保它们准确反映数据分布和访问模式。 4. **执行计划分析**：学习者将学会如何阅读和理解Oracle的执行计划，通过分析其成本组件，识别可能存在的性能瓶颈和优化机会。 5. **SQL优化策略**：作者提供了实用的建议和技巧，帮助读者编写出在成本基础上更高效的SQL查询，比如使用合适的索引、避免全表扫描、以及理解JOIN操作的代价等。 6. **案例研究与实践**：书中包含丰富的实战案例，通过实际场景展示如何应用成本模型进行问题诊断和解决方案设计，提升读者的实践经验。《基于成本的Oracle基础》不仅是理论知识的宝库，也是提升数据库性能调优技能的实用指南，适合那些希望深入了解Oracle数据库管理和优化的专业人士使用。无论是初学者还是经验丰富的DBA，都能从中获益匪浅。

About the Author

■JONATHAN LEWIS is a qualified teacher with a mathematics degree from

Oxford University. Although his interest in computers came to light at

the tender age of about 12—in the days when high-technology meant

you used a keyboard, rather than a knitting needle to punch holes in

cards—it wasn’t until he was four years out of university that he moved

into computing professionally. Apart from an initial year as an incompetent

salesman, he has been self-employed his entire career in the computer

industry.

His initiation into Oracle was on version 5.1 running on a PC, which he used to design and

build a risk-management system for the crude-trading floor of one of the major oil companies.

He had written the first version of the system using a PC program called dBase III—which did

use tables and indexes and made some claims to being a relational database management

system. Suddenly he found out what a proper Relational Database Management System ought

to be able to do.

Since that day of revelation, Jonathan has focused exclusively on the use and abuse of the

Oracle RDBMS. After three or four years of contract work helping to build large systems, he

decided to move from the “contractor” market to the “consultant” market, and now shares his

time evenly between short-term consultancy work, running seminars, and “research.”

At the time of writing, he is one of the directors of the UK Oracle User Group (www.ukoug.com),

and a regular contributor to their quarterly magazine and presenter at their Special Interest

Groups (particularly the RDBMS and UNIX groups). Whenever the opportunity arises, he tries

to find time for speaking to user groups outside the UK, sometimes as short evening events at

the end of a day’s consultancy work. He also maintains a web site (www.jlcomp.demon.co.uk) of

articles and notes on things that you can do with the Oracle RDBMS.

Jonathan has been married to Diana (currently a primary school teacher after many years

of being an accountant) for nearly 20 years, and has two children: Anna (actress and trumpet

player) and Simon (rugby and saxophone player). Given the choice between working on a

Saturday and supporting a rugby match or school concert—it’s the school event that comes first.

Lewis_636-6Front.fm Page xv Thursday, October 6, 2005 5:36 AM

xvii

About the Technical

Reviewers

■CHRISTIAN ANTOGNINI has focused on understanding how the Oracle database engine works

since 1995. His main interests range from logical and physical database design, the integration of

databases with Java applications, to the cost based optimizer, and basically everything else

related to performance management and tuning. He is currently working as a senior consultant

and trainer at Trivadis AG (www.trivadis.com) in Zürich, Switzerland. If he is not helping one of

his customers to get the most out of Oracle, he is somewhere lecturing on optimization or new

Oracle database features for developers.

Christian lives in Ticino, Switzerland, with his wife, Michelle, and their two children, Sofia

and Elia. He spends a great deal of his spare time with his wonderful family and, whenever

possible, reading books, enjoying a good movie, or riding one of his BMX bikes.

■WOLFGANG BREITLING was born in Stuttgart, Germany, and studied mathematics, physics, and

computer sciences at the University of Stuttgart. After graduating, he joined the QA department

of IBM Germany’s development laboratory in Böblingen. There he became one of a team of two

to develop an operating system to test the hardware of the /370 model machines developed in

the Böblingen lab.

Wolfgang’s first direct foray into the field of performance evaluation/tuning was the devel-

opment of a program to test the speed of individual operating codes of the /370 architecture.

After IBM Germany, he worked as a systems programmer on IBM’s hierarchical databases DL/1

and IMS in Switzerland before emigrating to his current home in Calgary, Canada. Following

several years as systems programmer for IMS and later DB2 databases on IBM mainframes, he

got on the project to implement Peoplesoft on Oracle.

In 1996, he became an independent consultant specializing in administering and tuning

Peoplesoft on Oracle. In that capacity, Wolfgang has been engaged in several Peoplesoft instal-

lation and upgrade projects. The particular challenges in tuning Peoplesoft, with often no access to

the SQL, motivated him to explore Oracle’s cost based optimizer in an effort to better understand

how it works and use that knowledge in tuning. He has shared the findings from this research

in papers and presentations at IOUG, UKOUG, local Oracle user groups, and other conferences

and newsgroups dedicated to Oracle performance topics.

Wolfgang has been married to his wife Beatrice for over 30 years and has two children,

Magnus and Leonie. When he is not trying to decipher the CBO, Wolfgang enjoys canoeing and

hiking in the Canadian prairies and Rocky Mountains.

Lewis_636-6Front.fm Page xvii Thursday, October 6, 2005 5:36 AM

xix

Acknowledgments

First and foremost, I have to thank my wife and children for putting up with my distant expres-

sions, long silences, and my habit of being physically present while mentally absent. They have

been very patient with my mantra to “give me just five more minutes.”

I would like to thank those Oracle experts and adventurers around the world who (know-

ingly or unknowingly) have extended my knowledge of the database. In particular, though not

exclusively, I owe thanks to (in alphabetical order) Steve Adams, Wolfgang Breitling, Julian Dyke,

K. Gopalakrishnan, Stephan Haisley, Anjo Kolk, Tom Kyte, James Morle, and Richmond Shee.

Each of them has, at various times, supplied me with insights that have allowed me to open up

whole new areas of investigation and understanding. Insights are so much more important

than answers.

Christian Antognini and Wolfgang Breitling merit special thanks for reading the draft chap-

ters, and for making a number of suggestions to improve the quality of the book. Any outstanding

errors are, of course, all my own work.

There are many more individuals who deserve to be named as sources of ideas and infor-

mation, but the more I name, the greater the injustice to those whose names I let slip. So let me

cover them all by thanking those who post on the comp.databases.oracle newsgroups, those

who post on the Oracle-L mailing list, and those who post on Oracle Corporation’s MetaLink

forums. And, of course, there are the members of the Oak Table Network who can be relied

upon to provide entertaining and stimulating discussions.

I would also like to mention the audiences who attend my seminar Optimizing Oracle:

Performance by Design. At the end of each of these three-day events, I always have several new

questions to answer, points to clarify, and strange cases to investigate.

The most important part of what I do is to deal with production database systems, so I also

want to thank the many companies who have decided to call me in for a few days to examine

their problems, validate their designs, or just give them some guidelines. Without continuous

input and challenge from real users, real requirements, and real applications, it would be

impossible to write a book that could be of practical benefit to its readers.

Finally, I owe a big thank you to the Apress editorial and production teams who worked

incredibly hard to beat a tough deadline: Tony Davis, Ami Knox, Katie Stence, and Grace Wong.

Lewis_636-6Front.fm Page xix Thursday, October 6, 2005 5:36 AM

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