动态车辆雾计算：构建与接入机制保障可靠安全服务

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本文档主要关注于"提供可靠和安全的车辆雾服务"这一关键主题，发表在2019年的IEEE物联网期刊上。随着车联网的发展，特别是车辆雾计算（Vehicular Fog Computing, VFC）的兴起，它被视为解决移动流量激增和降低延迟的有效解决方案。VFC通过动态地整合停车场内停靠车辆的计算和存储资源，为行驶中的客户端车辆提供服务。传统的车辆云计算虽然强大，但面对车辆的随机进出，即VF（Vehicular Fog）的动态性，如何确保提供稳定且安全的服务（Vehicular Fog Service, VFS）成为了一个挑战。作者Yingying Yao、Xiaolin Chang、Jelena Mišić和Vojislav B. Mišić提出了一个创新的机制，该机制包括VF的构建方法和访问策略，旨在提升VFS的可靠性与安全性，同时兼顾性能。该机制详细讨论了如何通过动态管理VF资源来应对车辆的不稳定性和安全性需求，例如，通过智能调度算法来避免资源冲突和保护数据隐私。此外，文章还对所提出的机制对VF吞吐量的影响进行了深入研究，证明这种设计是轻量级的，适合在追求低延迟的应用场景中实施。通过对VF的实时监控和优化，论文旨在为车辆用户提供无缝、高效且安全的云计算服务体验，从而推动车联网技术的进步。在整个过程中，作者强调了可靠性、安全性和性能之间的平衡，这在现代物联网环境中显得尤为重要，对于未来智能交通系统的规划和实现具有实际指导意义。

734 IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL, VOL. 6, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2019

Reliable and Secure Vehicular Fog

Service Provision

Yingying Yao, Xiaolin Chang , Member, IEEE, Jelena Miši

c, Fellow, IEEE,

and Vojislav B. Miši

, Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract—Vehicular fog computing (VFC) complements

vehicular cloud computing as a promising solution for

accommodating the surge of mobile trafﬁc and reducing latency.

This paper considers vehicular fog service (VFS) provided by

a vehicular fog (VF), which is formed on-the-ﬂy by integrat-

ing computing and storage resources of parked vehicles. VF

dynamicity, due to vehicles’ random arrivals and departures,

poses a number of challenges for reliable and secure VFS

provision to client vehicles. We propose a novel mechanism

which consists of a VF construction method and a VFS access

method to ensure VFS reliability and security without sacri-

ﬁcing performance. The reliability and security of VFS under

our mechanism are discussed in detail. Moreover, we investigate

the impact of the proposed mechanism on VF throughput and

show that the mechanism is lightweight enough to be used in the

latency-sensitive VFC.

Index Terms—Quality of service, reliability, security, vehicular

fog service (VFS).

I. INTRODUCTION

ECENT years witnessed rapid development and deploy-

ment of intelligent units in vehicles such as on-board

computer and sensing devices. These units on a vehicle have

signiﬁcant capacity and then could meet the communica-

tion, computation, and storage requirements of applications

installed on this vehicle during its driving. Meanwhile, there

are still abundant onboard capabilities. In order to make

full use of the underutilized resources in vehicles, vehicular

cloud (VC) was put forward [1]–[3] and it has attracted much

attention from both academia and industry, including produc-

tion cloud services such as IBM Cloud that has been offered

to connected vehicles [4].

However, VC computing (VCC) suffers some serious limi-

tations, such as it is not ﬁt for emerging time-critical safety or

infotainment services which have much stricter latency con-

straints. Gartner reported that there will be about 250 million

“connected” cars on road by 2020 [5], further highlight-

ing the necessity of reliable services for latency-sensitive

Manuscript received April 16, 2018; revised June 14, 2018; accepted

July 3, 2018. Date of publication July 13, 2018; date of current version

February 25, 2019. The work of X. Chang was supported by the NSF of

China under Grant 61572066. The work of J. Miši

candV.B.Miši

c was sup-

ported by the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada

through Discovery grants. (Corresponding author: Xiaolin Chang.)

Y. Yao and X. Chang are with the Beijing Key Laboratory of Security

and Privacy in Intelligent Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing

100044, China (e-mail: yingyingyao@bjtu.edu.cn; xlchang@bjtu.edu.cn).

J. Miši

candV.B.Miši

c are with the Department of Computer

Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada (e-mail:

jmisic@ryerson.ca; vmisic@ryerson.ca).

Digital Object Identiﬁer 10.1109/JIOT.2018.2855718

applications. Vehicular fog computing (VFC), in which com-

putation providers are located in close proximity to vehicles,

has been proposed in order to overcome latency and other

constraints [6], [7]. In [6], VFC is deﬁned as a kind of com-

puting vehicles employed as the infrastructure to make the

best utilization of their vehicular communication and comput-

ing resources. In addition, VFC can also provide low latency

and location awareness services for streaming and real time

applications [8]. However, there is not yet a widely accepted

deﬁnition for VFC and the associated use cases [9].

This paper considers vehicular fog service (VFS) provided

by a vehicular fog (VF) which is formed on-the-ﬂy by integrat-

ing computing and storage resources of parked vehicles. VF

dynamicity, due to vehicles’ unpredictable arrivals and depar-

tures, leads to various challenges to the reliable and secure

VFS provision to client vehicles. In particular it is impera-

tive to address quality-of-services (QoS) and security issues

occurring in VF [10]. In [11], VFS QoS was discussed from

four aspects: 1) connectivity; 2) reliability; 3) capacity; and

4) delay. In this paper, we focus on connectivity and reliability

of VFS. In terms of security attributes, we focus on conﬁden-

tiality, integrity, and nonrepudiation of transmitted messages

during the VFS provision.

To achieve continuous, reliable, and secure VFS, we propose

a novel mechanism which includes VF construction method

and VFS access method, based on a novel three-layered system

framework (see Fig. 1). The top layer of the framework is

a central cloud which consists of a fully trusted authority (TA).

In the middle layer, there are VFs, each of which is composed

of a roadside units (RSUs) and some parked vehicles. The

lower layer mainly contains on-board units (OBUs) equipped

on vehicles. In the following discussions, we refer to the vehi-

cles which are the members of VFs as server-vehicles, and to

the vehicles which access VFS as client-vehicles.

In the proposed mechanism, mutual authentication between

RSU and OBU determines whether a vehicle could be a server

in a VF or could access VFS. Authentication is based on the

signature from TA. This paper assumes RSU has deployed

defense mechanisms for detecting abnormal behaviors of vehi-

cles in a VF. Any malicious behavior of vehicles detected

will be reported to TA and then its accessing VF as a server

or client will be revoked. How to monitor vehicle behaviors

and detect abnormality is beyond the scope of this paper.

Container [12] technology is applied to host VFS in order to

assure VFS connectivity and reliability through container liv-

ing migration. It is known that there exist security concerns

2327-4662

 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.

See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

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