使用Python自制游戏教程

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"《用Python发明你自己的电脑游戏》是一个英文教程，适合初学者通过编写文字游戏学习Python编程。教程作者是Albert Sweigart，它采用创作共用许可，允许非商业性的分享和改编，但需保留作者信息。" 在这个教程中，Python初学者将学习如何利用Python语言创建互动性强的文字冒险游戏。Python是一种流行的编程语言，以其易读性和丰富的库支持而受到欢迎，特别适合初学者入门。通过编写游戏，学习者不仅能够掌握Python的基础语法，还能了解如何设计逻辑流程、处理用户输入和输出、以及实现基本的游戏机制。游戏编程是学习编程的一个有趣方式，因为它鼓励实践和创新。在这个教程中，你将逐步学习如何创建基本的游戏元素，例如角色、场景、决策树以及简单的游戏循环。随着教程的深入，你可能会接触到更高级的主题，如对象导向编程（OOP），这在大型游戏项目中非常常见。 Python中的游戏开发可以使用许多库，如Pygame，它提供了一个完整的框架来创建图形化游戏。然而，《用Python发明你自己的电脑游戏》可能更专注于使用Python的基本功能，让学习者从基础开始，逐步构建自己的游戏世界。在学习过程中，你将学习到以下关键知识点： 1. Python基础知识：变量、数据类型、条件语句、循环、函数等。 2. 输入/输出处理：接收用户输入并显示游戏信息。 3. 控制结构：如何使用if/else和while/for循环来控制游戏流程。 4. 字符串处理：创建和操作文本，用于游戏对话和描述。 5. 错误处理：学习如何处理异常，使游戏更加健壮。 6. 函数和模块：编写可重用的代码，提高代码组织性。 7. 变量作用域：理解局部和全局变量，管理游戏状态。 8. 列表和字典：使用这些数据结构来存储游戏状态和数据。虽然这个教程是英文的，但对于有一定英语基础的学习者来说，单词相对简单，通过实践学习可以克服语言障碍。同时，这将是一个提升英语阅读能力和编程技能的好机会。《用Python发明你自己的电脑游戏》是一个优秀的资源，对于想要通过实际项目学习编程的初学者来说，它提供了趣味性和实用性并存的学习路径。通过跟随教程，你不仅可以掌握Python编程，还能培养解决问题和创新思维的能力，为未来的编程旅程打下坚实的基础。

xvi

Getting the State of a Row in the Ocean .................................................................................. 232

How the Code Works: Lines 40 to 62 ...................................................................................... 233

Creating a New Game Board ................................................................................................... 233

Creating the Random Treasure Chests ..................................................................................... 235

Determining if a Move is Valid ............................................................................................... 235

How the Code Works: Lines 64 to 91 ...................................................................................... 236

Placing a Move on the Board ............................................................................................... 236

An Algorithm for Finding the Closest Treasure Chest ............................................................ 237

The remove() List Method .................................................................................................. 240

How the Code Works: Lines 94 to 162 .................................................................................... 241

Getting the Player's Move ........................................................................................................ 241

Asking the Player to Play Again .............................................................................................. 243

Printing the Game Instructions for the Player .......................................................................... 243

How the Code Works: Lines 165 to 217 .................................................................................. 245

The Start of the Game .......................................................................................................... 245

Displaying the Game Status for the Player .......................................................................... 245

Getting the Player's Move .................................................................................................... 246

Finding a Sunken Treasure Chest ........................................................................................ 247

Checking if the Player has Won ........................................................................................... 247

Checking if the Player has Lost ........................................................................................... 248

Asking the Player to Play Again, and the sys.exit() Function.............................................. 249

Summary: Review of our Sonar Game .................................................................................... 249

Caesar Cipher ............................................................................................................................... 250

About Cryptography ................................................................................................................ 250

The Caesar Cipher .................................................................................................................... 251

ASCII, and Using Numbers for Letters ................................................................................... 253

The chr() and ord() Functions .......................................................................................... 254

Sample Run of Caesar Cipher .................................................................................................. 255

Caesar Cipher's Source Code ................................................................................................... 256

xvii

How the Code Works: Lines 1 to 34 ........................................................................................ 257

Deciding to Encrypt or Decrypt ........................................................................................... 258

Getting the Message from the Player ................................................................................... 258

Getting the Key from the Player .......................................................................................... 258

Encrypt or Decrypt the Message with the Given Key .......................................................... 259

The isalpha() String Method ............................................................................................. 259

The isupper() and islower() String Methods .............................................................. 260

How the Code Works: Lines 36 to 57 ...................................................................................... 261

Encrypting or Decrypting Each Letter ................................................................................. 261

The Start of the Program ...................................................................................................... 262

Brute Force............................................................................................................................... 263

Adding the Brute Force Mode to Our Program ................................................................... 263

Summary: Reviewing Our Caesar Cipher Program ................................................................. 265

Reversi ......................................................................................................................................... 267

Sample Run .............................................................................................................................. 270

Reversi's Source Code.............................................................................................................. 273

How the Code Works ............................................................................................................... 281

The Game Board Data Structure .......................................................................................... 281

Importing Other Modules..................................................................................................... 281

Drawing the Board Data Structure on the Screen ................................................................ 282

Resetting the Game Board ....................................................................................................... 284

Setting Up the Starting Pieces .............................................................................................. 284

Creating a New Game Board Data Structure ....................................................................... 285

Checking if a Move is Valid ................................................................................................ 285

Checking Each of the Eight Directions ................................................................................ 287

Finding Out if There are Pieces to Flip Over ........................................................................... 288

Checking for Valid Coordinates .............................................................................................. 289

Getting a List with All Valid Moves .................................................................................... 290

The bool() Function ............................................................................................................. 291

xviii

Getting the Score of the Game Board .................................................................................. 292

Getting the Player's Tile Choice .......................................................................................... 292

Determining Who Goes First ............................................................................................... 293

Asking the Player to Play Again .......................................................................................... 293

Placing Down a Tile on the Game Board ............................................................................ 293

Copying the Board Data Structure ....................................................................................... 294

Determining if a Space is on a Corner ................................................................................. 295

Getting the Player's Move .................................................................................................... 295

Getting the Computer's Move .............................................................................................. 297

Corner Moves are the Best Moves ....................................................................................... 297

Get a List of the Best Scoring Moves .................................................................................. 298

Simulate All Possible Moves on Duplicate Board Data Structures ..................................... 298

Printing the Scores to the Screen ......................................................................................... 299

The Start of the Game .......................................................................................................... 300

Running the Player's Turn .................................................................................................... 300

Handling the Quit or Hints Commands ................................................................................ 301

Make the Player's Move ....................................................................................................... 302

Running the Computer's Turn .............................................................................................. 302

Drawing Everything on the Screen ...................................................................................... 303

Ask the Player to Play Again ............................................................................................... 304

Changing the drawBoard() Function .............................................................................. 304

Summary: Reviewing the Reversi Game ................................................................................. 305

AI Simulation ............................................................................................................................... 307

Making the Computer Play Against Itself ................................................................................ 308

How the AISim1.py Code Works ............................................................................................ 309

Making the Computer Play Itself Several Times ................................................................. 310

How the AISim2.py Code Works ............................................................................................ 312

Percentages .............................................................................................................................. 313

Division Evaluates to Floating Point ....................................................................................... 313

xix

The round() function ........................................................................................................... 314

Displaying the Statistics ........................................................................................................... 315

Comparing Different AI Algorithms........................................................................................ 316

How the AISim3.py Code Works ............................................................................................ 318

Comparing the Random Algorithm Against the Regular Algorithm ................................... 318

Comparing the Random Algorithm Against Itself ............................................................... 319

Comparing the Regular Algorithm Against the CornersSideBest Algorithm ...................... 320

Comparing the Regular Algorithm Against the Worst Algorithm ....................................... 321

Comparing the Regular Algorithm Against the WorstCorner Algorithm ............................ 321

Comparing the Worst Algorithm Against the WorstCorner Algorithm ............................... 322

Summary: Learning New Things by Running Simulation Experiments ................................. 322

Graphics and Animation .............................................................................................................. 324

Installing Pygame..................................................................................................................... 325

Hello World in Pygame ........................................................................................................... 326

Hello World's Source Code ...................................................................................................... 327

Running the Hello World Program .......................................................................................... 328

Importing the Pygame Module ............................................................................................ 329

The pygame.init() Function ........................................................................................ 330

The pygame.display.set_mode() and pygame.display.set_caption()

Functions .............................................................................................................................. 330

Colors in Pygame ..................................................................................................................... 331

Fonts, and the pygame.font.SysFont() Function ...................................................................... 333

The render() Method for Font Objects ............................................................................ 333

Attributes ................................................................................................................................. 334

The get_rect() Methods for pygame.font.Font and pygame.Surface Objects

............................................................................................................................................. 336

Constructor Functions and the type() Function ................................................................... 336

The fill() Method for Surface Objects............................................................................... 337

The pygame.draw.polygon() Function ......................................................................... 337

The pygame.draw.line() Function ............................................................................................ 338

The pygame.draw.circle() Function ........................................................................... 338

The pygame.draw.ellipse() Function ......................................................................... 339

The pygame.draw.rect() Function ................................................................................ 339

The pygame.PixelArray Data Type ................................................................................ 339

The blit() Method for Surface Objects............................................................................... 340

The pygame.display.update() Function .................................................................... 340

Events and the Game Loop ...................................................................................................... 341

The pygame.event.get() Function ................................................................................ 341

The pygame.quit() Function ............................................................................................ 342

Animation ................................................................................................................................ 342

The Animation Program's Source Code ................................................................................... 342

How the Animation Program Works ....................................................................................... 345

Moving and Bouncing the Blocks ........................................................................................ 345

Creating and Setting Up Pygame and the Main Window .................................................... 346

Setting Up Constant Variables for Direction ....................................................................... 347

Setting Up Constant Variables for Color ............................................................................. 348

Setting Up The Block Data Structures ................................................................................. 348

Running the Game Loop .......................................................................................................... 349

Moving Each Block ............................................................................................................. 350

Checking if the Block has Bounced ..................................................................................... 350

Changing the Direction of the Bouncing Block ................................................................... 351

Drawing the Blocks on the Window in Their New Positions .............................................. 352

Drawing the Window on the Screen .................................................................................... 352

Some Small Modifications ....................................................................................................... 353

Drawing as Fast as Possible ................................................................................................. 353

Drawing Trails of Blocks ..................................................................................................... 353

Summary: Pygame Programming ............................................................................................ 354

Collision Detection and Input ...................................................................................................... 355

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