GNU/Linux命令行工具精华指南

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"GNU/Linux Command−Line Tools Summary" 是一本由Gareth Anderson编写的参考手册，旨在帮助用户理解和使用Linux命令行工具。该手册经过多次修订，提供了对各种Linux命令的详细解释和实用指南。正文: Linux命令行工具是操作系统中最强大的工具之一，它们为用户提供直接、高效的方式与系统交互。在GNU/Linux环境中，这些工具构成了日常操作的基础，从文件管理到系统维护，无一不涉及。这份"GNU/Linux Command-Line Tools Summary"手册是学习和查询这些工具的宝贵资源。手册内容可能包括以下几个方面： 1. **文件和目录操作**：如`ls`用于列出目录内容，`cd`用于切换目录，`mv`和`cp`分别用于移动和复制文件或目录，以及`rm`用于删除文件和目录。这些基本操作是每个Linux用户必须掌握的。 2. **文本处理和查看**：`cat`, `more`, 和 `less` 命令用于查看和组合文本文件，`grep`则用于在文件中搜索特定字符串。`sed`和`awk`是更高级的文本处理工具，可进行模式匹配和数据转换。 3. **系统信息和管理**：`ps`显示进程状态，`top`提供实时的系统资源监控，`kill`用于发送信号给进程，`df`和`du`分别报告磁盘空间使用情况。`man`命令是获取命令帮助的重要工具。 4. **网络和通信**：`ping`测试网络连接，`nc`（netcat）用于网络端口扫描和数据传输，`curl`和`wget`下载网页和文件。`ssh`提供安全的远程登录。 5. **打包和压缩**：`tar`用于打包文件和目录，配合`gzip`, `bzip2`, 或 `xz`进行压缩和解压。 6. **脚本编程**：介绍基础的Bash shell脚本编写，包括变量、条件语句、循环和函数，让用户能够自动化执行一系列命令。 7. **包管理和软件安装**：`apt`和`yum`等工具用于在Debian和Red Hat系的Linux中安装和更新软件。 8. **权限和所有权**：讲解`chmod`, `chown`, 和 `chgrp` 命令用于修改文件和目录的权限、所有者和组。 9. **错误和日志**：如何使用`tail`, `less`, 和 `grep` 分析系统日志，以及理解`/var/log`下的各种日志文件。手册还可能包含了对特殊字符的处理，如正则表达式和数学模式，以及如何创建和使用键盘快捷键。随着时间的推移，作者对文档进行了多次修订，增加了新的内容，修正了错误，并创建了详尽的索引，便于用户快速查找所需信息。这个资源对于初学者来说是一份很好的入门教程，对于经验丰富的用户来说，也是一份有价值的参考书。通过深入学习和实践手册中的内容，用户可以提高在Linux环境中的工作效率，更好地理解和控制自己的系统。

something else or to automatically add certain options. This can be either be done during one session

using the alias command (see below) or the information can be added to the .bashrc file (found in the

users home directory).

Below is an example of what an alias section (within your .bashrc file) might look like:

# my personal aliases

alias cp='cp −vi' #to prompt when copying if you want to overwrite and will tell you where information is going

alias rm='rm −i' #Prompts you if you really want to remove it.

alias mv='mv −i' #Prompts you if you are going to overwrite something

On any Mandriva GNU/Linux system the global aliases (for all users) are all in /etc/profile.d/alias.sh.

The above listed commands already have aliases, as well as several other commonly used commands.

set −x

set is one of bash's inbuilt commands, try looking in the bash manual for its many usage options.

Using set with the −x option will make bash print out each command it is going to run before it runs

it.

This can be useful to find out what is happening with certain commands such as things being quoted

that contain wildcards or special symbols that could cause problems, or complex aliases. Use set +x to

turn this back off.

Examples

After using set −x you can run the command:

The output printed before the command runs (for example):

+ ls −F −−color=auto

Which means that the command is really an alias to run ls with the −F and −−color=auto options.

Use a "\" (backslash) before the command to run it without the alias.

\ (backslash)

The backslash escape character can be used before a shell command to override any aliases.

For example if rm was made into an alias for rm −i then typing "rm" would actually run rm −i.

However, typing \rm lets the shell ignore the alias and just run rm (its runs exactly what you type),

this way it won't confirm if you want to delete things.

Using rm

Please note that the alias for the remove command is there for a reason. Using it

incorrectly could remove files which you don't want removed.

Only use \rm if you know exactly what you are doing (recovering files is not easy, rm

does not send things to a recycle bin).

The "\" character can be used before special characters (such as a space or a wildcard), to stop bash

from trying to expand them. You can make a directory name with a space in it using a backslash

before the space. For example you could type cd My\ Directory\ With\ Spaces which normally

wouldn't work.

GNU/Linux Command−Line Tools Summary

Chapter 4. Shell Tips 10

The "\" character can also be used to stop bash from expanding certain symbols (as an alternative you

could use single quotation marks, although you may need to use both).

The TAB Key

Please note that using the TAB key (automatic−command−completion) will

automatically use escapes for spaces (so you don't have to type them manually).

script

The "script" command creates a typescript, or "capture log" of a shell session − it writes a copy of

your session to a file, including commands you type and their output.

~ (tilde character)

The tilde character is used as an alias to a users home directory.

For example, if your user−name was "fred", instead of typing cd /home/fred you could simply type cd

~. Or to get to fred's tmp directory (under his home directory) you could type cd ~/tmp.

Home directory shortcut

~ (tilde) can also be used as a shortcut to other users home directories, simply type:

~user_name and it will take you to the users home directory. Note that you need to

spell the username exactly correct, no wildcards.

set bell−style none

This particular set command will turn off the system bell from the command−line (use xset −b for X

windows). If you want the bell to stay off pernamently (no audible bell) then you can add this

command to your ".bashrc" or ".bash_profile" (just add it to the same one you have your alises in...).

reset

The reset command re−initializes your current terminal. This can be useful when the text from your

terminal becomes garbled, simply type "reset" and this will fix your terminal.

exit

Closes your current terminal (with x−terminals) or logs−out. Also try CTRL−D .

logout

Logs out of a terminal, also try CTRL−D .

echo

A little command that repeats anything you type.

Example:

echo "hello world"

Simply displays " hello world".

Example:

echo rm −R *

This will output what will be passed to the rm command (and therefore what would be deleted),

putting echo before a command renders it harmless (it just expands wildcards so you know what it

will do).

Also try using the −e option with echo. This will allow you to use the escape character sequences to

format the output of a line. Such as '\t' for tab, '\n' for newline etc.

GNU/Linux Command−Line Tools Summary

Chapter 4. Shell Tips 11

What you will see in the console window is:

(reverse−i−search)`':

After you have typed what you are looking for, use the CTRL−R key combination to scroll backward

through the history.

Use CTRL−R repeatedly to find every reference to the string you've entered. Once you've found the

command you're looking for, use [Enter] to execute it.

Alternatively, using the right or left arrow keys will place the command on an actual command−line

so you can edit it.

4.3. Other Key combinations

GNU/Linux shells have many shortcut keys which you can use to speed up your work, below is a rough list of

some (also see CTRL−R in the history section of the commands, over here, Section 4.2).

CTRL−D

the "end−of−file" (EOF) key combination can be used to quickly log out of any terminal. CTRL−D is

also used in programs such as "at" to signal that you have finished typing your commands (the EOF

command).

CTRL−Z

key combination is used to stop a process. It can be used to put something in the background

temporarily.

For example, if you were editing a file with vim or emacs just press CTRL−Z to regain control of the

terminal do what you want and then type fg to bring it back.

For further information please see Section 9.3.

If fg doesn't work

If fg doesn't work you may need to type jobs and then fg job_name or fg job_number

CTRL−A and CTRL−E

These key combinations are used for going to the start and end of the line on the command line. Use

CTRL−A to jump to the start of the line, and CTRL−E to jump to the end of the line.

CTRL−K

This key combination can be used to cut or delete what is currently in front of the cursor.

CTRL−Y

This key combination can be used to paste the last thing you deleted (using CTRL−K or CTRL−W ).

CTRL−W

This key combination can be used to cut or delete the entire line that has being typed.

4.4. Virtual Terminals and screen

Using the key combination ALT−F* keys you may change to different virtual terminals. You will have

several (usually 6) virtual terminals setup with shells. Number 7 is usually setup with X you need to use

CTRL−ALT−F* to change to a terminal from within X (X as in the X windowing system).

screen

GNU/Linux Command−Line Tools Summary

Chapter 4. Shell Tips 13

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