FLTK轻量级GUI库编程指南：快速入门与构建

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FLTK（Fast Light Tool Kit）用户手册是针对这款流行的跨平台图形用户界面(GUI)库的详细介绍。作为一款以轻量级和高效性著称的工具包，FLTK在1.3.3版本中包含了丰富的编程指南，由F. Costantini、D. Gibson等人共同编写，版权归属时间为1998年至2014年，软件遵循GNU图书馆通用公共许可证。该手册允许用户根据GNU协议复制或修改文档，前提是保持版权和许可声明。手册的组织结构清晰，分为多个章节。第1章为FLTK编程手册，介绍了库的基础知识和使用方法。接着，第2章是前言，详细说明了手册的编排原则、术语约定、缩写解释以及版权和商标注意事项。在第3章“FLTK简介”中，讲述了FLTK的历史，强调了其轻量级特性、功能特点，包括支持多窗口、控件设计等。章节还讨论了FLTK的许可条款，明确指出它是开源软件，并提供了在UNIX和Apple macOS系统上构建和安装的指导，以及在Microsoft Windows环境下的安装步骤。此外，还提到了互联网资源和报告问题的渠道。第4章深入探讨了FLTK的基本概念，例如如何编写第一个FLTK程序，使用标准编译器、Makefiles编译，以及与Microsoft Visual C++的兼容性。这部分内容对于初次接触FLTK的开发者来说至关重要，因为它们涵盖了程序开发的编译和组织技巧。第5章则聚焦于C语言编程，详细介绍了如何在FLTK项目中正确引用头文件，这对于理解和实现FLTK功能至关重要。这一章可能包含函数声明、类定义、数据结构等方面的指导，确保开发者能够有效地利用FLTK提供的接口进行开发。 FLTK用户手册是一份详尽的指南，无论是初学者还是经验丰富的程序员都能从中找到所需的信息，帮助他们掌握这款轻量级GUI库的使用，实现高效的跨平台应用程序开发。

8 CHAPTER 3. INTRODUCTION TO FLTK

so he rewrote it to use X for all drawing, greatly speeding it up on these machines. That is the version you

have now.

Digital Domain has since withdrawn support for FLTK. While Bill is no longer able to actively develop

it, he still contributes to FLTK in his free time and is a part of the FLTK development team.

3.2 Features

FLTK was designed to be statically linked. This was done by splitting it into many small objects and

designing it so that functions that are not used do not have pointers to them in the parts that are used, and

thus do not get linked in. This allows you to make an easy-to-install program or to modify FLTK to the

exact requirements of your application without worrying about bloat. FLTK works ﬁne as a shared library,

though, and is now included with several Linux distributions.

Here are some of the core features unique to FLTK:

• sizeof(Fl

Widget) == 64 to 92.

• The ”core” (the ”hello” program compiled & linked with a static FLTK library using gcc on a 486

and then stripped) is 114K.

• The FLUID program (which includes every widget) is 538k.

• Written directly atop core libraries (Xlib, WIN32 or Cocoa) for maximum speed, and carefully opti-

mized for code size and performance.

• Precise low-level compatibility between the X11, WIN32 and MacOS versions - only about 10% of

the code is different.

• Interactive user interface builder program. Output is human-readable and editable C++ source code.

• Support for overlay hardware, with emulation if none is available.

• Very small & fast portable 2-D drawing library to hide Xlib, WIN32, or QuickDraw.

• OpenGL/Mesa drawing area widget.

• Support for OpenGL overlay hardware on both X11 and WIN32, with emulation if none is available.

• Text widgets with cut & paste, undo, and support for Unicode text and international input methods.

• Compatibility header ﬁle for the GLUT library.

• Compatibility header ﬁle for the XForms library.

3.3 Licensing

FLTK comes with complete free source code. FLTK is available under the terms of the GNU Library

General Public License with exceptions that allow for static linking. Contrary to popular belief, it can be

used in commercial software - even Bill Gates could use it!

3.4 What Does ”FLTK” Mean?

FLTK was originally designed to be compatible with the Forms Library written for SGI machines. In that

library all the functions and structures started with ”ﬂ ”. This naming was extended to all new methods

and widgets in the C++ library, and this preﬁx was taken as the name of the library. It is almost impossible

to search for ”FL” on the Internet, due to the fact that it is also the abbreviation for Florida. After much

debating and searching for a new name for the toolkit, which was already in use by several people, Bill

came up with ”FLTK”, including a bogus excuse that it stands for ”The Fast Light Toolkit”.

10 CHAPTER 3. INTRODUCTION TO FLTK

–bindir=/path

Set the location for executables [default = $preﬁx/bin]

–datadir=/path

Set the location for data ﬁles. [default = $preﬁx/share]

–libdir=/path

Set the location for libraries [default = $preﬁx/lib]

–includedir=/path

Set the location for include ﬁles. [default = $preﬁx/include]

–mandir=/path

Set the location for man pages. [default = $preﬁx/man]

–preﬁx=/dir

Set the directory preﬁx for ﬁles [default = /usr/local]

When the conﬁgure script is done you can just run the ”make” command. This will build the library, FLUID

tool, and all of the test programs.

To install the library, become root and type ”make install”. This will copy the ”ﬂuid” executable to

”bindir”, the header ﬁles to ”includedir”, and the library ﬁles to ”libdir”.

3.6 Building FLTK Under Microsoft Windows

NOTE: This documentation section is currently under review. More up-to-date information for this release

may be available in the ﬁle ”README.MSWindows.txt” and you should read that ﬁle to determine if there

are changes that may be applicable to your build environment.

FLTK 1.3 is ofﬁcially supported on Windows (2000,) 2003, XP, and later. Older Windows versions

prior to Windows 2000 are not ofﬁcially supported, but may still work. The main reason is that the O-

S version needs to support UTF-8. FLTK 1.3 is known to work on recent versions of Windows such as

Windows 7 and Vista and has been reported to work in both 32-bit and 64-bit versions of these.

FLTK currently supports the following development environments on the Windows platform:

CAUTION: Libraries built by any one of these build environments can not be mixed with object ﬁles

from any of the other environments! (They use incompatible C++ conventions internally.)

Free Microsoft Visual C++ 2008 Express and Visual C++ 2010 Express using the supplied workspace

and project ﬁles. Older versions, and the commercial versions, can be used as well, if they can open the

project ﬁles. Be sure to get your service packs!

The project ﬁles can be found in the ”ide/” directory. Please read ”ide/README.IDE” for more info

about this.

3.6.1 GNU toolsets (Cygwin or MinGW) hosted on Windows

If using Cygwin with the Cygwin shell, or MinGW with the Msys shell, these build environments behave

very much like a Unix or OS X build and the notes above in the section on Building and Installing FLTK

Under UNIX and Apple OS X apply, in particular the descriptions of using the ”conﬁgure” script and its

related options.

In general for a build using these tools, e.g. for the Msys shell with MinGW, it should sufﬁce to ”cd”

into the directory where you have extracted the ﬂtk tarball and type:

./configure

make

3.7. INTERNET RESOURCES 11

This will build the ﬂtk libraries and they can then be utilised directly from the build location. NOTE:

this may be simpler than ”installing” them in many cases as different tool chains on Windows have different

ideas about where the ﬁles should be ”installed” to.

For example, if you ”install” the libraries using Msys/MinGW with the following command:

make install

Then Msys will ”install” the libraries to where it thinks the path ”/usr/local/” leads to. If you only ever

build code from within the Msys environment this works well, but the actual ”Windows path” these ﬁles

are located in will be something like ”C:\msys\1.0\local\lib”, depending on where your Msys installation

is rooted, which may not be useful to other tools.

If you want to install your built ﬂtk libraries in a non-standard location you may do:

sh configure --prefix=C:/FLTK

make

Where the value passed to ”preﬁx” is the path at which you would like ﬂtk to be installed.

A subsequent invocation of ”make install” will then place the ﬂtk libraries and header ﬁles into that

path.

The other options to ”conﬁgure” may also be used to tailor the build to suit your environment.

3.6.2 Using the Visual C++ DLL Library

The ”ﬂtkdll.dsp” project ﬁle builds a DLL-version of the FLTK library. Because of name mangling differ-

ences between PC compilers (even between different versions of Visual C++!) you can only use the DLL

that is generated with the same version compiler that you built it with.

When compiling an application or DLL that uses the FLTK DLL, you will need to deﬁne the FL DLL

preprocessor symbol to get the correct linkage commands embedded within the FLTK header ﬁles.

3.7 Internet Resources

FLTK is available on the ’net in a bunch of locations:

WWW

http://www.fltk.org/

http://www.fltk.org/str.php [for reporting bugs]

http://www.fltk.org/software.php [source code]

http://www.fltk.org/newsgroups.php [newsgroup/forums]

FTP

ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/mirrors/ftp.easysw.com/pub/fltk [Espoo, Finland]

NNTP Newsgroups

https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/fltkgeneral [Google Groups interface]

news://fltk.org:1024/ [NNTP interface]

http://fltk.org/newsgroups.php [web interface]

3.8 Reporting Bugs

To report a bug in FLTK, or for feature requests, please use the form at http://www.fltk.org/str.-

php, and click on ”Submit Bug or Feature Request”.

You’ll be prompted for the FLTK version, operating system & version, and compiler that you are using.

We will be unable to provide any kind of help without that basic information.

For general support and questions, please use the ﬂtk.general newsgroup (see above, ”NNTP News-

groups”) or the web interface to the newsgroups at http://fltk.org/newsgroups.php.

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