精通Unity游戏开发：C#实战指南

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"Pro Unity Game Development with C#" 是一本专注于Unity游戏开发的专业书籍，强调了使用C#编程语言提升游戏开发技能。这本书旨在帮助开发者克服在C#脚本方面的困难，将理论知识与实践相结合，创作出具有专业品质的游戏。在当前的游戏行业中，由于有像Blender、GIMP、Inkscape和Unity这样的免费专业软件，几乎任何人都可以尝试成为游戏开发者。然而，拥有工具并不意味着就能立即掌握它们或创造出满意的作品。开发者需要通过学习、积累经验，以及运用实际案例来了解如何充分利用这些工具，特别是针对Unity开发中的C#脚本部分。本书专攻Unity中的C#编程，指出许多现有的C#教程过于抽象和形式化，使得开发者难以将其应用于实际项目中，从而创建出具有竞争优势的游戏。作者Alan Thorn旨在填补这一空白，带领读者深入理解如何创造性地组合核心功能，构建一个实际的、可玩的第一人称射击游戏，以便学习并理解其工作原理。书中包含了多个章节，从设计和准备阶段开始，逐步引导读者进行游戏开发。第一章介绍了设计和准备，第二章涵盖了入门知识，第三章讲解事件处理，第四章涉及强化道具和单例模式，第五章介绍玩家控制器，第六章聚焦武器系统，第七章讲述敌人AI，第八章讨论图形用户界面，第九章涉及持久数据的处理，第十章则涵盖了改进和优化。此外，还有索引和附录供读者查阅。通过这本书，读者不仅可以深化对Unity和C#的理解，还能获得实战经验，从而成为一个更强大的游戏开发者。这本书不仅教授技术知识，还强调了将这些知识应用到实际项目中，以提升游戏的品质和专业性。

10 CHAPTER 1: Designing and Preparing

Developing the Design: Looking Ahead

The previous sections, taken together in combination with the YouTube gameplay video (URL

provided earlier), should offer a strong enough and clear enough vision of CMOD. These resources

will constitute our game design document (GDD), a document clearly articulating the vision of the

game to make. For most games, the GDD will typically be longer and more comprehensive than

ours, but our GDD is sufficient and fit for purpose in our case. The design may initially seem “simple”

(or maybe not!), but if it seems so to you, it’s important not to confuse simple with simplicity. The

game we’ve planned actually involves a lot of work, especially C# coding work. Each subsequent

chapter is dedicated to a specific aspect or subset of development. In this section, we’ll take a

sneak glimpse of that future work: a general guided tour through some of the main issues and

subjects we’ll visit throughout this book. This work ranges from using the Unity Editor and tools,

sometimes in new and creative ways, to heavy coding sessions in C# to create artificial intelligence

and pathfinding. Let’s see how these subjects, and our workload in general, are distributed across

the book on a chapter-by-chapter roadmap.

Chapter 2 is concerned with establishing the foundations of our game.

Game development is a specialization of software engineering, and like most

engineering projects, it must begin by laying foundations. This involves lots of

work in the Unity Editor—especially level design work—using both the scene

and game views for assembling and building a level with modular environment

pieces. It’ll also involve lighting and lightmapping with the Beast lightmapper

to get an appropriate mood and look for our environment. In addition, we’ll

also look at processes for automating asset importing to fix some mesh import

issues we’ll encounter. By the end of Chapter 2, we’ll end up with a project that’s

ready to start customizing and defining through C# scripting.

Chapter 3 starts our coding adventure! It’s where we add code to our project.

It’ll explore event-driven programming in depth, looking at what it is, how it

works, and how to integrate it into our project to get efficient results. It’ll also

explore why we should start implementing this kind of system before anything

else. Practically, every game needs to detect when things happen, such as when

the Player dies or collects a power-up, among others (these will all be important

events for us). In addition, other objects in the game need to know when those

events occur, so they can respond in specific ways. The Enemies, for example,

need to know when they’re close enough to the player to launch an attack;

otherwise, they’ll never know when to start attacking. These issues concerning

events and responses will lead us to develop a streamlined and dedicated

Notifications class; one capable of handling almost every kind of event and

response we could ever want in a game.

Chapter 4 will see us using concepts such as class inheritance, Singletons,

and vector arithmetic for creating our four workable power-ups for the game:

the Cash Power-Up, the Upgrade Weapon Power-Up, the Ammo Power-Up and

the Health Restore Power-Up. Achieving this requires us to consider a range

of ideas. We’ll use the Unity API to work with Physics Colliders, components,

and 2D sprites (part of the 2D functionality added in Unity 4.3). We’ll also

develop a range of different and interacting classes, and build our own Billboard

functionality to ensure sprites are always camera aligned. By the end of this

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11CHAPTER 1: Designing and Preparing

chapter we’ll have a clean, empty environment filled with solid and working

power-ups we can collect.

Chapter 5 is about refining the Player character and the Player input to work

consistently across multiple platforms, from desktop systems to mobile devices.

Here we’ll develop a customized First Person Controller based on the default

Unity Controller, which works on Windows, Mac, Linux, Android, iOS, and

Windows Phone. We’ll also examine mathematical ideas, such as sine waves

and curves to program a customizable head-bob effect to the first-person

camera. That is, to simulate the natural effect of head movement, we’ll make the

camera bob up and down seamlessly as the Player moves around in the world.

And we’ll also work with Mecanim to create a death animation in which the

camera falls to the ground.

Chapter 6 is where we give the player some fire power. Specifically, we’ll code

the ability to attack and inflict damage with Weapons, both the fists and pistol

weapons. In this chapter, we’ll look deeper at class inheritance and at concepts

like virtual functions and polymorphism. In addition, we’ll also see how to create

animated sprites for creating weapon animations (such as gun fire) using timing

functions and coroutines.

Chapter 7 throws our three evil enemies into the mix—namely Drones, Tough

Guys, and Mr. Big Cheese. Building these guys will lead us into a veritable

coding extravaganza. With these, we’ll code enemies that can take and inflict

damage, and behave with artificial intelligence that integrates well with the Unity

Pathfinding and Navigation system. Here, we’ll explore concepts such as Finite

State Machines (FSMs), so enemies can make informed decisions and change

their behavior, as well as how to program with NavMeshes and NavMesh Agents,

allowing enemies to find their way intelligently about the level, while avoiding

physical obstacles along the way.

Chapter 8 delivers us into the troublesome world of GUIs (graphical user

interfaces), where we’ll see the limitations of the Unity GUI system and the

benefits of coding our own. Further, we’ll consider concepts such as resolution

and aspect ratio, as well as anchoring and hierarchies, to code fixed-sized

interfaces that look good and act predictably at various screen sizes.

Chapter 9 explains how to code a load-and-save game system, allowing the

user to save his or her gaming session to persistent storage, from where it can

be restored without data loss at any later time. This chapter will explore XML

files, the .NET Framework classes, and data serialization.

Chapter 10 completes our work, leaving us with a 100%-working FPS game.

There will no doubt be room for improvement, of course. But in this chapter,

we’ll recap over all the concepts we’ve seen throughout the book, thinking about

how we might apply them in other contexts and to other projects. In addition,

this chapter will crystalize or condense many of those concepts into bite-size

and easy-to-remember chunks, which will make the chapter especially useful

as both a pseudo-appendix for this book, as well as a more general coding

reference.

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13CHAPTER 1: Designing and Preparing

Note To create the CMOD interface layout, I began by selecting the Default layout to restore the UI

defaults. To do that, select Layout ° Default from the top-right menu in the Unity Editor. Afterward,

additional windows can be opened and docked into the interface as required, using the Window menu. For

the CMOD layout specifically, open the following windows: Window ° Animation, Window °Animator,

Window ° Sprite Editor, Window ° Lightmapping, and Window ° Navigation. To save the completed

layout for easy reference, select Layout ° Save Layout… from the Layout drop-down (see Figure 1-14).

Figure 1-14. Saving a custom interface layout

The CMOD interface layout in Figure 1-13 consists of three notable panels or tabbed areas marked

by the letters A, B, and C, with the exception of the left-aligned Hierarchy panel. The arrangement

of these three areas is based on the principle of view-exclusivity. That is, the panels in A, B and C

have been divided this way because of how we view and work with them. Area A features larger

editors, such as the Scene, Game, Animator (Mecanim), and Sprite Editor windows. The reason for

their tabular arrangement here is largely because these editors work in combination with the Object

Inspector, as well as the Project panel and Hierarchy panels—and other editors in Groups B and C.

We’ll often want to open Group A editors side by side with the Object Inspector. So we don’t want

them tabbed with it. The same rationale applies to other editors in group B too. We’ll often view

these in combination with editors in Group A and C, but hardly ever with others in group B. Then

finally there’s Group C. These editors work much like those in B, because we’ll often view them in

combination with Group A. But unlike Group B editors, they are read and understood more intuitively

when read horizontally (left-and-right) as opposed to vertically (up-and-down), such as the animation

timeline window, or the Project panel.

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