深入学习WPF 4.0：XAML与实战应用

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"Applied.WPF.4.in.Context" 是一本关于Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) 4.0的书籍，作者旨在帮助读者理解和应用WPF技术。书中包含多个章节，覆盖了从基础到高级的WPF开发内容，包括XAML、Expression Blend、数据绑定、命令处理、事件路由、测试驱动开发(TDD)、报告服务、ClickOnce部署、设计模式以及与WCF的交互等。虽然中文资料有限，但通过阅读英文内容并借助字典，中文读者也能理解并学习这门技术。 WPF（Windows Presentation Foundation）是微软推出的一种用于构建Windows桌面应用程序的图形用户界面框架，它基于.NET Framework 4.0。WPF提供了丰富的UI设计能力，包括2D和3D图形、图像处理、文本布局、动画等，同时支持数据绑定、控件设计、样式和模板等特性，使开发者能创建出具有现代视觉效果的应用。 XAML（Extensible Application Markup Language）是WPF的核心部分，它是一种标记语言，用于声明式地构建UI和应用程序逻辑。XAML允许开发者以直观的方式定义用户界面元素、属性和事件，提高了代码的可读性和可维护性。在本书中，Chapter 1介绍了WPF和XAML的基础知识，让读者对WPF有一个初步的认识。Chapter 2通过一个示例应用程序引导读者开始WPF项目。Chapter 3涉及Microsoft Expression Blend，这是一个可视化设计工具，可以帮助非编码人员创建复杂的WPF用户界面。 Chapter 4至Chapter 6主要关注视图(Views)的创建、控件(Control)的添加和数据访问层，其中Chapter 6讲解了Entity Framework，这是微软提供的一款对象关系映射工具，简化了数据库操作。 Chapter 7深入讨论了数据绑定，这是WPF中的核心功能，使得UI与后台数据模型能够自动保持同步。Chapter 8和Chapter 9分别介绍了命令处理和事件路由，以及如何使用TDD进行单元测试，确保代码质量。 Chapter 10探讨了使用Microsoft Reporting Services创建报告，提供数据分析和展示的能力。Chapter 11讲解了ClickOnce部署技术，使得应用程序的安装和更新变得更加简单。Chapter 12和13则涉及设计模式和多线程编程，帮助开发者优化WPF应用程序的结构和性能。最后，Chapter 14介绍了如何在WPF应用中与Windows Communication Foundation (WCF)进行交互，实现服务通信和分布式系统。 "Applied.WPF.4.in.Context" 是一本全面的WPF指南，适合有一定C#基础，并希望提升WPF应用开发技能的开发者阅读。虽然中文资源有限，但通过学习这本书，读者可以掌握WPF 4.0的关键概念和技术，提升自己的专业水平。

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CHAPTER 1 ■ INTRODUCING WPF AND XAML

• Grid: Defines a table-style container with rows and columns and acts like an

HTML table where you can span controls across multiple rows and columns.

• StackPanel: A container that stacks the controls vertical or horizontal one after the

other one. You can define the space between each control.

• WrapPanel: Positions child elements in sequential position from left to right,

breaking content to the next line at the edge of the containing box.

In WPF you have the same layout logic described in HTML by the box model technique where each

control has a Margin property and each child has a Margin property and a Padding property.

Margin defines the space between an element and its child elements. Padding defines the space

between a child element and its parent container. The main difference between the two properties is

that Margin gives you space outside the control, and Padding gives you space inside the control.

Additional position properties are HorizontalAlignment and VerticalAlignment, which are used to

specify a default position of a control in the container.

Figure 1-3 shows a summary overview of the position techniques in WPF.

Figure 1-3. WPF controls position overview

Common Controls

WPF offers a set of common controls available in the Visual Studio toolbox that can be used for your

daily activities without the need of writing additional code. In some cases, you may need to customize

the appearance of a control or to change the behavior of a control using the styles and the templates.

In other cases, you may need to listen for an event of a control in order to execute a specific code; for

example, you may need to listen for the Click event of a Button control in order to execute a specific

operation.

CHAPTER 1 ■ INTRODUCING WPF AND XAML

All these steps can be accomplished using the XAML markup or by writing code-behind the XAML; it

depends on what you are doing and how you are doing it. In this section, you will see the available

controls provided by XAML, and in the next chapters, you will see how you can customize the default

appearance and the default behaviors of a control.

Control Composition

Each control that inherits from the base class System.Windows.Controls.Control is composed by a

default set of components that you can customize and change using the StyleTemplate or the

DataTemplate. The class Control is composed by a ControlTemplate, which represents the default

template for the appearance of the control in the UI; when you customize the DataTemplate of a control,

you change how the ControlTemplate should behave.

The ControlTemplate may display a single item, a collection of items (like a ListBox), or a Header of

an item; for this reason, in WPF you have controls that are of type ContentControl, ItemsControl, or

HeaderControl based on how the ControlTemplate should be structured.

Visual Studio and the .NET Framework 4 provide a set of default controls, detailed in the following

list. If you want to get a more detailed explanation of each control, refer to http://msdn.microsoft.com/

en-us/library/system.windows.controls.aspx, in particular to the section “System.Windows.Controls”

where you will find the complete list of available controls.

The following are the categories of available controls in .NET 4; they represent only part of the full

set of controls delivered with the .NET Framework 4.

• Buttons: This represents a Button with a label or complex content.

• Inputs: TextBlock and TextBox are part of the available input controls; the first

control can be used as a Label, while the second control is used to retrieve or

display text in the UI.

• List: GridView, ListBox, ComboBox, and ItemsControl are controls able to display

and select items in a list of items.

• Layout: This section consists of all the controls designed to contain and provide

layout to child controls, such as StackPanel, DockPanel, and so on.

• Documents: These are controls designed for interacting with documents such as

XPS documents.

As I said previously, every one of these controls can be added to the UI using two different

approaches: you can declare the control by using XAML or by writing C# code and adding the control to

the controls collection of the parent container. Listing 1-7 shows the two methods.

Listing 1-7. Example of Creating a C

ontrol with XAML or with C#

</StackPanel>

CHAPTER 1 ■ INTRODUCING WPF AND XAML

redirect the call to the UI thread. The Dispatcher provided in this namespace is in charge of solving this

problem.

System.Windows.DependencyObject is another class fundamental in WPF; it enables the tracking

process of the dependencies of a property of a XAML object. For example, when you data bind an object

to a view, in XAML DependencyObject acts as a mediator between the view and the Bind object and

notifies the two actors when something changes.

System.Windows.Media.Visual is the namespace in charge of controlling the way the UI is designed

and the way the pixels are rendered on the screen. This assembly is not used directly by you, but it is

used indirectly when you create, for example, a new control in the UI.

In System.Windows.UIElement, you can find everything related to layout, input, and events. In the

layout, as you saw in the previous section, you will find all the controls in charge of arranging the

elements in the UI; in the input and events, you will find all those methods useful to control the user

interaction such as MouseClick or SelectionChanged.

In System.Windows.FrameworkElement, you can find part of the UI properties used to manage the

layout, such as HorizontalAlignment and VerticalAlignment for example, or the data binding engine and

the styles.

Finally, System.Windows.Controls is the namespace in charge of providing everything for the

creation of UI controls; it also contains all the UI controls shipped with WPF 4.

These are the namespace available in WPF that provide all the tools and mechanisms to make a

consistent and powerful WPF application; in the course of this book, you will see when and how to use

most of them.

Technologies

In the previous section, you saw that WPF ships with a set of assemblies, and each one provides one or

more WPF-related technologies such as styles, data binding, commanding, and more. In this section,

you’ll get an overview of the technologies provided with this set of assemblies and how to use them and,

more than anything else, why they are useful.

Styles

If you ever worked in the past with any web technology such as ASP.NET, PHP, JSP, or even a simple

HTML web page, you may know that every part of a web page can be styled using Cascading Style Sheets

(CSS). In this way, you can create a UI style to represent a TextBox in a particular way, and this style will

be spread all over you web application.

If you ever worked before with a client technology such as Windows Forms or Java Forms, you may

know that this is an impossible task to achieve using the basic tools provided by these two frameworks.

What I mean is that in Windows Forms, you can’t define a style for a UI control; you need to create a

specific UI control that has the style hard-coded in the base class. For example, if you want a nice

TextBox with a specific border color and a specific border shape, in Windows Forms you have to create a

custom TextBox.

In WPF you have the styles like you have on the Web, but probably with a lot more power and

control. In a style you can set static values or dynamic values using triggers; for example, you may have a

TextBox style that defines the background color to white, but when the TextBox gets the focus, the

background becomes yellow.

Listing 1-8 shows how you set up some properties on a TextBox using the TextBox element itself or

using an embedded style in the Resource property of the parent element.

CHAPTER 1 ■ INTRODUCING WPF AND XAML

Listing 1-8. Comparison Between Embedded Setter or Style

<StackPanel.Resources>

</Style>

</StackPanel.Resources>

<TextBox Width="200" Height="25"

FontFamily="Tahoma" FontSize="12" />

</StackPanel>

In the second case, you can easily recycle and apply the property Style="{StaticResource

TxtStyle}" to any TextBox and spread your style all over the application.

The only constraint you have when you prepare a style for a specific control is that the style must be

for a specific control, and to do that, you must provide a value for the property TargetType of the Style

element; in this property, you have to specify the control you are styling.

Additional consideration has to be done to the x:Key attached property. If you specify a key, you

must provide that key on every control that has to use the style; otherwise, you can avoid specifying a

value for the x:Key property so that any control of that type will use the style.

Data Templates

Another way to customize the layout of your controls is using the DataTemplates. A DataTemplate is the

template that represents the data exposed by your control. Usually you work with a DataTemplate when

you want to customize how an ItemsControl displays its items at runtime, but you can use the

DataTemplate also to customize a control that displays a single item. Usually, an ItemsControl, like a

ListBox, displays the .ToString() method of the items bound to it in the UI, so when you try to bind a

list of objects to a List control, you will get a weird result, and the only property available to customize

the data you are displaying is the DisplayMemberPath, which allows you to prompt only one property by

using a string format. If you customize the DataTemplate of your ListBox, you will be able to visualize

the items bound to the control as you want them; for example, you may force the ListBox to display for

each row the FirstName and the LastName of a Person class in a StackPanel using two TextBlock controls.

Figure 1-5 shows a screenshot of Visual Studio 2010; in the figure there is a UserControl with two

ListBox controls bound to the same data source, which is a List<T> of class Person. As you can see, the

first ListBox shows the full name of the object bound to the ListBox, while the second ListBox is using

the DataTemplate tocustomize the way the data is displayed in the ListBox.

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