Python与Qt快速GUI编程完全指南——PyQt

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"Rapid GUI Programming with Python and Qt - Definitive Guide to PyQt.pdf" 这本书是Mark Summerfield所著的《Rapid GUI Programming with Python and Qt》，是一部关于PyQt编程的权威指南。PyQt是一个使用Python语言绑定Qt库的框架，它允许开发者利用Python的简洁性和Qt的强大GUI功能来快速开发图形用户界面应用。 PyQt是Qt公司提供的Python接口，它分为两个模块：PyQt4和PyQt5，分别对应Qt4和Qt5库。PyQt使得Python程序员能够访问Qt的所有功能，包括窗口管理、用户输入处理、图形绘制、网络通信、数据库集成以及多媒体支持等。这个框架的灵活性和高效性使得它在跨平台的GUI开发中备受青睐。书中会详细介绍如何使用Python和PyQt构建GUI应用，包括设计用户界面、事件处理、信号与槽机制、布局管理、对话框和复杂控件的使用。信号与槽是Qt的核心特性，允许组件间无耦合地通信，极大地简化了代码的编写。布局管理则确保界面在不同屏幕尺寸下都能自适应，保持良好的视觉效果。在学习PyQt时，读者将了解到如何创建窗口和小部件（widgets），如按钮、文本框、标签等，并通过连接信号和槽实现它们的功能。此外，还会涉及高级主题，如定制控件、多线程、QML集成（用于更现代化的UI设计）以及数据库和网络编程。书中可能还涵盖了调试技巧、性能优化和应用打包发布等方面，帮助开发者将完成的项目部署到不同的操作系统上。对于初学者，本书将提供逐步的指导，而对于有经验的Python程序员，它将提供深入Qt世界的关键。在阅读这本书时，读者应具备基本的Python编程知识，对面向对象编程有理解，以及对GUI开发的基本概念有所了解。随着学习的深入，读者将能够利用PyQt创建出功能丰富、界面友好的应用程序，无论是桌面应用还是嵌入式系统。《Rapid GUI Programming with Python and Qt》是Python和Qt结合的绝佳教程，它将帮助开发者快速掌握使用Python进行GUI编程的技能，提升开发效率，实现复杂的界面设计和交互逻辑。

Introduction 3

programming teams varying in size from just one person to more than a dozen

people. Many in-house tools are written using PyQt, but because these are of-

ten used to gain competitive advantage, the companies involved generally do

not permit their use of PyQt to be made public. PyQt is also widely used in the

open source world, with games, utilities, visualization tools, and IDEs all writ-

ten using it.

This book is speciﬁcally about PyQt4, the Python bindings for the Qt 4 C

application development framework.

★

PyQt4 is provided in the form of ten

Python modules which between them contain around 400 classes and about

6 000 methods and functions. All the example programs have been tested on

Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X, using Python 2.5, Qt 4.2, and PyQt 4.2, and

additionally on Windows and Linux using Qt 4.3 and PyQt 4.3. Backporting to

earlier versions is possible in some cases, but we recommend using the most

up-to-date versions of Python, Qt, and PyQt.

Python, PyQt, and Qt can be used free of charge for noncommercial purposes,

but the license used by Python is different from that used by PyQt and Qt.

Python is available with a very liberal license that allows it to be used to de-

velop both commercial and noncommercial applications. Both PyQt and Qt are

dual-licensed: This essentially allows them to be used to develop noncommer-

cial applications—which must in turn be licensed using an acceptable open

source license such as the GNU General Public License (GPL); or to be used to

develop commercial applications—in this case, a commercial PyQt license and

a commercial Qt license must be purchased.

The Structure of the Book

The book is divided into four parts. Part I is primarily a rapid conversion course

aimed at non-Python programmers who are familiar with an object-oriented

language, although it also has some (clearly marked) PyQt content. Because

the core Python language is mostly simple and is quite small, these chapters

can teach the basics of Python to a sufﬁcient extent that real Python applica-

tions can be written.

If you think that you can pick up the Python syntax simply through reading

it, you might be tempted to skip Part I and dive straight into the GUI pro-

gramming that begins in Part II. The early chapters in Part II include back-

references to the relevant pages in Part I to support readers who choose this

approach. However, even for readers familiar with Python, we recommend

reading about

QString

in Chapter 1. If you are unfamiliar with partial function

application (currying), it is important to read the subsection that covers this in

Chapter 2, since this technique is sometimes used in GUI programming.

★

There are also Python bindings for the older Qt 3 library, but there is no reason to use that library

for new projects, especially since Qt 4 offers far more functionality and is easier to use.

4 Introduction

Part II begins by showing three tiny PyQt GUI applications to give an initial

impression of what PyQt programming is like. It also explains some of the

fundamental concepts involved in GUI programming, including PyQt’s high-

level signals and slots communication mechanism. Chapter 5 shows how to

create dialogs and how to create and lay out widgets (“controls” in Windows-

speak—the graphical elements that make up a user interface such as buttons,

listboxes, and such) in a dialog. Dialogs are central to GUI programming:Most

GUI applications have a single main window, and dozens or scores of dialogs,

so this topic is covered in depth.

After the dialogs chapter comes Chapter 6, which covers main windows,

including menus, toolbars, dock windows, and keyboard shortcuts, as well as

loading and saving application settings. Part II’s ﬁnal chapters show how to

create dialogs using Qt Designer, Qt’s visual design tool, and how to save data

in binary, text, and XML formats.

Part III gives deeper coverage of some of the topics covered in Part II, and in-

troduces many new topics. Chapter 9 shows how to lay out widgets in quite

sophisticated ways, and how to handle multiple documents. Chapter 10 covers

low-level event handlers,and how to use the clipboard as well as drag and drop,

text, HTML, and binary data. Chapter 11 shows how to modify and subclass

existing widgets, and how to create entirely new widgets from scratch, with

complete control over their appearance and behavior. This chapter also shows

how to do basic graphics. Chapter 12 shows how to use Qt 4.2’s new graphics

view architecture,which is particularly suited to handling large numbers of in-

dependent graphical objects. Qt’s HTML-capable rich text engine is covered in

Chapter 13. This chapter also covers printing both to paper and to PDF ﬁles.

Part III concludes with two chapters on model/view programming: Chapter 14

introduces the subject and shows how to use Qt’s built-in views and how to

create custom data models and custom delegates, and Chapter 15 shows how

to use the model/view architecture to perform database programming.

Part IV continues the model/view theme, with coverage of three different

advanced model/view topics in Chapter 16. The ﬁrst section of Chapter 17

describes the techniques that can be used for providing online help, and the

second section explains how to internationalize an application, including how

to use Qt’s translation tools to create translation ﬁles. The Python standard

library provides its own classes for networking and for threading, but in the

last two chapters of Part IV we show how to do networking and threading us-

ing PyQt’s classes.

Appendix A explains where Python, PyQt, and Qt can be obtained, and how to

install them on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. PyQt is much easier to learn

if you install it and try out some of the exercises, and if you inspect some of

the example code. Appendix B presents screenshots and brief descriptions

of selected PyQt widgets; this is helpful for those new to GUI programming.

Appendix C presents diagrams of some of PyQt’s key class hierarchies; this

Introduction 5

is useful for getting to know what classes PyQt has to offer and how they

are related.

If you have never used Python before, you should begin by reading Chapters

1–6 in order. If you already know Python, at least read the string policy (in

bullet points on page 28), and skim the material in Chapter 2 (apart from the

ﬁrst section, which you’ll know well). Make sure that you are comfortable with

lambda

and partial function application, both of which are covered in Chapter 2.

It is probably also worth skimming Chapter 3 as well. Then read Chapters 4,

5, and 6 in order.

Once you have covered the ﬁrst six chapters, you have covered the essentials

of Python and the fundamentals of PyQt.

Chapter 7 is useful if you want to know how to create dialogs using a visual

design tool rather than purely by hand coding, something that can save a lot

of time. For ﬁle handling, at least read the ﬁrst three sections of Chapter 8. If

you plan to write and read text ﬁles, also read Chapter 8’s fourth section, and

similarly the ﬁfth section if you are going to use XML ﬁles.

For Part III, at the least read Chapter 10’s ﬁrst section, on event handling, and

all of Chapter 11. Chapter 12 and the ﬁrst section of Chapter 13 assume that

you have read about PyQt’s event handling,and that you have read Chapter 11.

Chapters 9 and 14 can be read stand-alone in this part, but Chapter 15 assumes

that you have read Chapter 14.

In Part IV, Chapter 16 assumes that you have read Chapters 14 and 15, but the

other chapters can be read independently.

If you ﬁnd errors in the text or in the examples, or have other comments,

please write to

mark@qtrac.eu

quoting “PyQt book” in the subject line. The

book’s home page, where any corrections will be published, and from where the

examples and exercise solutions can be downloaded, is

http://www.qtrac.eu/

pyqtbook.html

If you want to participate in the PyQt community, it is worthwhile joining the

mailing list. Go to

http://www.riverbankcomputing.com/mailman/listinfo/pyqt

ﬁnd a link to the archive, so that you can see what the mailing list is like, and

also for a form for joining. Python also has mailing lists and other community

activities. For these, go to

http://www.python.org/community

Acknowledgments

I have many people to thank, and I will begin with those who have been

intimately involved with the book.

Jasmin Blanchette is a senior software developer at Trolltech, a Qt expert, and

a ﬁne editor and writer in his own right. I have cowritten two C

/Qt books

with him. Jasmin has made a huge number of suggestions and criticisms that

have immensely improved the quality of this book.

6 Introduction

David Boddie, Trolltech’s documentation manager, is an active PyQt open

source developer who has made many contributions to PyQt itself. His input

has helped ensure that I have covered everything necessary, and done so in a

sensible order.

Richard Chamberlain is cofounder and chief technology ofﬁcer of Jadu Ltd., a

content management company. His feedback and insights have helped ensure

that the book is as broadly accessible as possible. He has also helped reﬁne and

improve the code used in the examples and exercises.

Trenton Schulz is a Trolltech developer who has been a valuable reviewer of

my previous books. For this book, he has brought his Python and Qt knowledge

to bear, giving considerable feedback on the manuscript. Along with Richard,

he also ensured that Mac OS X users were never forgotten. In addition, he

spotted many subtle errors that I had missed.

Phil Thompson is PyQt’s creator and maintainer. He has been supportive of

the book from the start, even adding features and improvements to PyQt as

a direct result of discussions we have had regarding the book. He has made

numerous suggestions for the book’s improvement, and corrected many

mistakes and misunderstandings.

Special thanks to Samuel Rolland, who let me loose on his Mac laptop, to install

PyQt, test the examples, and take screenshots.

Thanks are also due to Guido van Rossum, creator of Python, as well as to the

wider Python community who have contributed so much to make Python, and

especially its libraries, so useful and enjoyable to use.

Thanks also to Trolltech, for developing and maintaining Qt, and in particular

to the Trolltech developers both past and present, many of whom I have had

the pleasure of working with, and who ensure that Qt is the best cross-platform

GUI development framework in existence.

Particular thanks to Jeff Kingston, creator of the Lout typesetting language.

I use Lout for all my books and for most of my other writing projects. Over

the years, Jeff has made many improvements and added numerous features to

Lout in response to feedback from users, including many that I have asked for

myself. Thanks also to James Cloos who created the condensed version of the

DejaVu Sans Mono font (itself derived from Jim Lyles’ Vera font) from which

this book’s monospaced font is derived.

The publisher, in the person of Editor-in-Chief Karen Gettman, was supportive

of this book from the very beginning. And special thanks to my editor, Debra

Williams-Cauley, for her support, and for making the entire process as smooth

as possible. Thanks also to Lara Wysong who managed the production process

so well, and to the proofreader, Audrey Doyle, who did such ﬁne work.

Last but not least, I want to acknowledge my wife, Andrea. Her love, loyalty,

and support always give me strength and hope.

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