利用Django构建实战型电商网站：从零开始到精通

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"《入门Django电子商务》(Beginning Django E-Commerce)是一本由Jim McGaw撰写的教程，专为Python开发者提供指导，让他们能够在日益竞争激烈的网络环境中构建功能完备的电子商务网站。该书采用实践与理论相结合的方式，深入讲解了如何利用Django，这个最受欢迎的Python Web开发框架，来创建购物车、结账流程和支付处理器，以及如何充分利用Ajax技术提升用户体验。在本书中，作者带领读者逐步构建一个示例网站，让学习者不仅掌握具体的技术操作，还能理解背后的设计原则。通过学习，读者将能够正确架构网站，使其具备良好的搜索引擎优化（SEO）策略，从而在互联网上获得更高的可见度。此外，书中还强调了Django框架的优势，如何通过它快速高效地开发出网站，减少开发工作量。书中详细介绍了如下关键知识点： 1. Django框架基础：读者将了解Django的核心概念，如模型-视图-控制器（MVC）架构，ORM（对象关系映射）系统，以及Django模板语言，这些都是搭建电商网站的基础。 2. 电子商务功能实现：包括如何设置用户账户管理、商品展示、添加到购物车、结算流程，以及处理订单和支付过程的实现。 3. Ajax技术应用：如何通过异步JavaScript和XML（Ajax）提高网站的交互性和响应速度，提升用户体验，特别是在搜索、产品过滤和动态加载等方面。 4. SEO最佳实践：分享关于关键词优化、URL结构设计、元标记配置等策略，确保网站在搜索引擎结果中的排名。 5. 实战项目开发：从头至尾的实际操作，让读者在实践中巩固所学，通过一步步构建一个完整的电商网站，了解如何将理论知识转化为实际应用。《入门Django电子商务》是一本实用的指南，适合那些想要进入电子商务领域或提升现有技能的Python开发者，它不仅提供了技术教程，也涵盖了现代Web开发的关键元素，帮助读者在激烈的电商竞争中脱颖而出。"

■ CONTENTS

xvii

About the Technical Reviewer

■

George Vilches is a software engineer and systems administrator with an

unabashed fondness for Python and the web in both disciplines. In the last three

years, he has made several contributions to Django, with a focus on the ORM and

administrative side of things. He was a principal engineer with Propeller

(http://propeller.com), and continues to build Django applications with

Fortune Cookie Studios, (http://fcstudios.com).

George's personal time is split evenly over tinkering with open source

projects and enjoying the company of his wife Kate, corgi and two cats, all of

whom would prefer he stop tinkering and attend to them more.

■ INTRODUCTION

xix

Introduction

I read a lot of technical books about software and computer programming. This isn't because I have a

great fondness for reading, nor do I actually like owning a massive collection of computer books that's

slowly beginning to overtake every room in my home. I do it because at any given time, I'm usually

working on a programming project and am faced with a dozen problems that I need to solve. These

unsolved problems fester in my head. They scrape away at the surface of my brain like jagged rusty metal

hooks. These books provide me sweet relief from these pains.

In my experience, there are two types of computer books: those that act as reference guides and

those that act as tutorials. This book falls squarely in the latter category. While you need both tutorial

and reference books in order to learn something, I tend to like tutorial books better, simply because they

aid you in making better use of the reference books. For this reason, over the course of this book, we will

be building one single Django project, to which we will add new features with each chapter and learn

new parts of the Django web framework as we go.

There are lots and lots of Django apps floating around on the web. Many of these will contain

perfectly good–and in some cases, absolutely spectacular–working code that you can use on your site.

In other cases, the code is less than great, but still works. While I've taken a snippet of code from the

open source community here and there throughout this book, I've mostly gone the do-it-myself route

and implemented things from scratch. The reason for this is simple: when you're learning, rolling your

own solutions at a lower level instead of just plugging in an app you found ready-made on Google Code

or Django Snippets is much better for making the basic concepts stick to your brain. The drawback of

this approach, of course, is that there are parts of the site we're going to develop in this book that are

greatly simplified.

However, when you use snippets of code samples that are posted in various corners of the Internet

by people all over world, you will still encounter problems. You'll get weird errors when you hook the

new code into your site, and you'll end up having to read the Django docs and Django blogs and Django

books to determine what's going wrong. My hope is that, after working through the examples in this

book, you'll not only be much more adept at developing complex and powerful code with Django from

scratch, you'll also have a much better grasp of dealing with these kinds of integration problems with

existing third-party solutions when they arise. On top of this, you might also find yourself working to

extend the functionality of an existing solution to suit your own needs, which is a good ability to have as

well.

Who This Book Is For

This book is aimed at developers who are interested in learning more about the process of how to create

a Django web site. Over the course of the book, we're going to create a single working e-commerce web

site that we'll deploy into production at the very end. In each chapter, we'll tackle a particular feature or

group of features that we want to add to the site, outline the requirements and discuss the related

concepts, and then write code to implement each feature using Django. This will allow you to see how

the different parts of a single Django project all fit together. In the end, you'll have a thorough grasp of

■ INTRODUCTION

how a Django web application is created, secured, optimized for search engines, tested, and finally

deployed.

We're going to create a shopping cart site in this book, and while some of the sections cover

problems that are specific to e-commerce web sites, most of the content has applications to other types

of sites as well. For example, Chapter 8 covers implementation of internal site search so that customers

can find things in our product catalog. Search functionality is a requirement of almost any data-driven

web site. In Chapter 4, we create a shopping cart for our product catalog, allowing customers to

aggregate products before they check out, and here you'll learn more about how you can use Django

sessions in order to track information about your customers, whether or not they are logged in. The

checkout functionality created in Chapter 5 covers the basics of Python network programming in order

to integrate with third-party payment gateways, and the material covered is useful to anyone interested

in integrating Django with web services.

This book does assume familiarity with the Python programming language. If you're a complete

beginner and have never worked with Python, don't worry... it's a very simple language and you'll be

able to catch on very quickly. If you're new to programming and would like an introduction, I'd suggest

you take a look at Beginning Python: Second Edition, by Magnus Lie Hetland (Apress, 2008). If you're

already familiar with at least one other programming language and just need to get caught up on the

syntax of Python, I can heartily recommend you read Dive Into Python, by Mark Pilgram (Apress, 2004).

The Web Sites In This Book

In this book, I'm going to build a fictional e-commerce site that sells musical instruments and sheet

music. The name of the site is "Modern Musician." Developers in the Django community have a

penchant for naming their apps and projects after old-time musicians, like John Coltrane, Louis

“Satchmo” Armstrong, and Duke Ellington. This tradition was started by the creators of the Django web

framework, who chose to name it after guitarist Django Reinhardt, who is regarded by many as one of

the greatest jazz guitarists of all time.

It didn’t dawn on me until around the time I started writing Chapter 13 that the name "Modern

Musician" might be construed as a tongue-in-cheek reference to this tradition in the Django

community. In my defense, I originally created the Modern Musician e-commerce site in PHP, as a

demo e-commerce site. Later, I implemented roughly the same Modern Musician site using Ruby on

Rails, for the sole purpose of learning Rails. So when I got around to spawning this little project in

Django, the last thing on my mind when naming the project was any attempt at ridicule. I did so out of

tradition.

In the first 15 chapters of this book, we’re going to build a single e-commerce web site. For those

interested, the site we’re going to create is available for public viewing at http://www.django-

ecommerce.com/

. While an administrative interface is part of the site that we’re going to create in this book,

the public site does not permit altering of data in the product catalog.

In Chapter 16, when we look at putting Django projects up on the Google App Engine, we’re going to

create a minimal shopping cart site, which is also available for public viewing at http://django-

ecommerce.appspot.com/

Source Code and Errata

We’re going to write a lot of code in this book. It’s not an overbearing amount, as Python is a very

concise language and Django syntax tends to reduce the amount of repetitive code that you need to

write. In spite of this, you still might find yourself wanting to have a copy of the code on hand so that you

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