X86汇编语言与C基础：数制转换与运算探索

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《X86汇编语言与C基础》是一本详细介绍X86汇编语言和C语言基础知识的教材。作者Joseph Cavanagh在书中探讨了数字系统和数字表示法的基础，这对于理解这两种编程语言至关重要。首先，章节1"Number Systems and Number Representations"（数字系统与数字表示）引导读者探索不同的数制系统，包括二进制（Binary Number System）、八进制（Octal Number System）、十进制（Decimal Number System）以及十六进制（Hexadecimal Number System）。这些数制系统是理解计算机底层数据处理的基础。 1.1 节中，作者详细解释了每种数制的运算规则，并且介绍了如何在不同基数之间进行转换，这对于正确处理内存地址和数据存储十分关键。此外，还讨论了数值表示的不同方法，如Sign Magnitude（符号-绝对值表示法）和Diminished-Radix Complement（缩小基数补码），这些都是用于实现算术运算和比较操作的常见技术。 1.2 数字表示部分深入解析了Radix Complement（基数补码），这是计算中用来表示负数的通用方法，它对于理解和编写涉及整数运算的汇编代码至关重要。同时，这部分还涵盖了如何通过这些表示法执行复杂的算术运算，以便程序员能够编写出高效、准确的程序。除了理论知识，书中还提供了大量的练习题（1.3 Problems）供读者实践所学，帮助他们巩固理解并熟练掌握X86汇编语言中的指令集和C语言的基础结构。《X86汇编语言与C基础》不仅适合对计算机底层工作原理感兴趣的初学者，也对希望深入了解这两种语言高级特性的开发者具有参考价值。书中强调版权问题，确保引用的材料来源可靠，但同时也承认可能存在的未获得许可的复制权问题。这本书涵盖了从基础概念到实际应用的广泛内容，是学习X86汇编语言和C语言的重要参考资料，适合进行系统的学习和实践。通过深入理解数字系统、数制转换和不同表示法，读者将能够更好地编写、调试和优化基于这两种语言的程序。

Contents xv

Chapter 13 String Instructions ........................................................... 543

13.1 Repeat Prefixes ....................................................................... 544

13.1.1 REP Prefix .............................................................. 545

13.1.2 REPE / REPZ Prefix ............................................... 546

13.1.3 REPNE / REPNZ Prefix ......................................... 547

13.2 Move String Instructions ........................................................ 549

13.2.1 Move Data from String to String

(Explicit Operands) Instructions ............................ 550

13.2.2 Move Data from String to String

(No Operands) Instructions .................................... 551

13.3 Load String Instructions ......................................................... 554

13.3.1 Load String (Explicit Operands) Instructions .........

555

13.3.2 Load String (No Operands) Instructions ................ 555

13.4 Store String Instructions ......................................................... 558

13.4.1 Store String (Explicit Operands) Instructions ........ 558

13.4.2 Store String (No Operands) Instructions ................ 558

13.5 Compare Strings Instructions ................................................. 560

13.5.1 Compare Strings (Explicit Operands) Instructions.. 561

13.5.2 Compare Strings (No Operands) Instructions

......... 561

13.6 Scan String Instructions ......................................................... 564

13.6.1 Scan String (Explicit Operands) Instructions .......... 564

13.6.2 Scan String (No Operands) Instructions .................

565

13.7 Problems ................................................................................. 566

Chapter 14 Arrays .................................................................................. 575

14.1 One-Dimensional Arrays ........................................................ 575

14.1.1 One-Dimensional Arrays in C ................................

582

14.2 Multidimensional Arrays ........................................................ 586

14.3 Problems ................................................................................. 590

Chapter 15 Macros ................................................................................. 593

15.1 Macro Definitions ................................................................... 593

15.2 Macro Examples ..................................................................... 597

15.3 Problems ................................................................................. 614

Chapter 16 Interrupts and Input/Output Operations ................. 617

16.1 Interrupts ................................................................................. 617

16.2 Direct Memory Access ........................................................... 619

xvi Contents

16.3 Memory-Mapped I/O .............................................................. 622

16.4 In/Out Instructions .................................................................. 623

16.4.1 Register I/O IN Instructions ................................... 624

16.4.2 Register I/O OUT Instructions ............................... 625

16.4.3 String I/O IN Instructions ....................................... 625

16.4.4 String I/O OUT Instructions ................................... 627

16.5 Problems ................................................................................. 628

Chapter 17 Additional Programming Examples ........................ 629

17.1 Programming Examples ......................................................... 629

17.2 Problems ................................................................................. 677

Appendix A ASCII Character Codes ..................................... 681

Appendix B Answers to Select Problems

....................................... 683

Chapter 1 Number Systems and Number Representations ...................... 683

Chapter 2 X86 Processor Architecture .................................................... 685

Chapter 3 Addressing Modes .................................................................. 686

Chapter 4 C Programming Fundamentals ............................................... 687

Chapter 5 Data Transfer Instructions ...................................................... 693

Chapter 6 Branching and Looping Instructions .......................................

698

Chapter 7 Stack Operations ..................................................................... 699

Chapter 8 Logical, Bit, Shift, and Rotate Instructions ............................. 702

Chapter 9 Fixed-Point Arithmetic Instructions .......................................

709

Chapter 10 Binary-Coded Decimal Arithmetic Instructions .....................

723

Chapter 11 Floating-Point Arithmetic Instructions ...................................

735

Chapter 12 Procedures .............................................................................. 747

Chapter 13 String Instructions ................................................................... 751

Chapter 14 Arrays ..................................................................................... 755

Chapter 15 Macros .................................................................................... 759

Chapter 16 Interrupts and Input/Output Operations .................................. 768

Chapter 17 Additional Programming Examples ....................................... 769

Index

................................................................................................. 781

xvii

PREF

ACE

Although assembly language is not as prevalent as a high-level language, such as C

or an object-oriented language like C++, it is the predominant language used in

embedded microprocessors. A course in a high-level language, such as C, usually

precedes a course in assembly language.

Assembly language programming requires a knowledge of number representa-

tions, such as fixed-point, decimal, and floating-point; also digital logic, registers,

and stacks. In order to thoroughly understand assembly language, it is necessary to

be familiar with the architecture of the computer on which the language is being

used. For the X86 assembly language, this implies the Intel and Intel-like micropro-

cessors. Programs written in assembly language are usually faster and more compact

than programs written in a high-level language and provide greater control over the

program application. Assembly language is

machine dependent

; that is, it is used

only with a specific type of processor. A high-level language, however, is usually

machine independent

; that is, it can be used with any processor.

Assembly language programs use an

assembler

to convert the assembly lan-

guage code to the machine language of 1s and 0s. This is in contrast to high-level

languages which use compilers to accomplish the transformation.

Assembly languages consist of mnemonic codes, which are similar to English

words, making the program easy to read. For example, the MOV instruction moves

data from a source location to a destination location; the XCHG instruction

exchanges the contents of a source location and a destination location; and the logi-

cal AND instruction performs the bitwise AND operation of two operands.

The programs in this book are written using X86 assembly language only, the C

programming language only, or by embedding an in-line assembly language module

in a C program by using the

_asm

command. The assembly language code immedi-

ately follows the

_asm

command and is bracketed by left and right braces, as shown

below.

#include "stdafx.h"

int main (void)

{

define variables

_asm

switch to assembly language

{

assembly language code goes here

}

print results

return

}

xviii

Preface

Assembly languages also have input/output (I/O) instructions to access I/O

devices on the computer. Input/output instructions are usually not available for high-

level languages. Also, assembly languages can access the stack, general-purpose

registers, base pointer registers, segment registers, and execute PUSH and POP oper-

ations.

The book presents the binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal number systems,

as well as the basic X86 processor architecture. The architecture includes the gen-

eral-purpose registers, the segment registers, the flags register, the instruction

pointer, and the floating-point registers. The following topics are also presented: dif-

ferent addressing modes, data transfer instructions, branching and looping opera-

tions, stack operations, logic, shift, and rotate instructions. Computer arithmetic

topics are presented in detail, including fixed-point, binary-coded decimal, and float-

ing-point instructions. There are additional chapters on procedures, string opera-

tions, arrays, macros, and input/output operations. The fundamentals of C

programming are covered in a separate chapter.

The book is intended to be tutorial, and as such, is comprehensive and self con-

tained. All program examples are carried through to completion — nothing is left

unfinished or partially designed. Also, all programs provide the outputs that result

from program execution. Each chapter includes numerous problems of varying com-

plexity to be designed by the reader.

Chapter

covers the number systems of different radices, such as binary, octal,

binary-coded octal, decimal, binary-coded decimal, hexadecimal, and binary-coded

hexadecimal. The chapter also presents the number representations of sign magni-

tude, diminished-radix complement, and radix complement.

Chapter

presents the generic architecture of processors and how the architec-

ture corresponds more appropriately to the X86 architecture execution environment,

including the different sets of registers. The chapter also covers the arithmetic and

logic unit (ALU), the control unit, and memory, including main memory and cache

memory. Error detection and correction is also discussed using the Hamming code

developed by Richard W. Hamming. A brief introduction to tape drives and disk

drives is also presented. The X86 register set is covered, which includes the general-

purpose registers (GPRs), the segment registers, the EFLAGS register containing

status flags, system flags, and a control flag. Other registers include the instruction

pointer and the floating-point registers. The translation lookaside buffer (TLB) and

the assembler are also briefly discussed.

Chapter

presents the various addressing modes of the X86 assembly language.

The instruction set provides various methods to address operands. The main meth-

ods are: register, immediate, direct, register indirect, base, index, and base combined

with index. A displacement may also be present. These and other addressing meth-

ods are presented in this chapter together with examples. The processor selects the

applicable default segment as a function of the instruction: instruction fetching

assumes the code segment; accessing data in main memory references the data seg-

ment; and instructions that pertain to the stack reference the stack segment. How-

ever, a

segment override prefix

can be used to change the default data segment to

another segment; that is, to explicitly specify any segment register to be used as the

current segment.

Preface

xix

Chapter

presents a brief introduction to the C programming language, which

will be used in most chapters — typically to contain an embedded assembly lan-

guage module. The main purpose of this chapter is to provide sufficient information

regarding C programming in order to demonstrate how a C program can be linked to

an assembly language program. The various constants and variables of the C lan-

guage are presented, plus the input/output functions. The following operators are

introduced: arithmetic, relational,

and

else

statements, and the logical operators of

AND, OR, and NOT. Also included are the conditional operator, the increment and

decrement operators, and the bitwise operators. There are two looping statements.

The

while

loop executes a statement or block of statements as long as a test expres-

sion is true (nonzero). The second looping statement is the

for

loop. The

for

loop

repeats a statement or block of statements a specific number of times. Arrays and

strings are also covered in this chapter.

Chapter

presents the basic data transfer instructions as they apply to the X86

processors. Other data transfer instructions, such as instructions that pertain to stack

operations and string operations, are presented in later chapters. This chapter also con-

tains the various data types used in the X86 processors, which include signed binary

integers, unsigned binary integers, unpacked binary-coded decimal (BCD) integers,

packed BCD integers, and floating-point numbers.

Some of the basic move instructions involving data transfer are also presented.

These include register-to-register, immediate-data-to-register, immediate-data-to-

memory, memory-to-register, and register-to-memory. This chapter also covers

moves with sign extension, moves with zero extension, and conditional moves that

move data to a destination depending on the state of a flag. Different types of

exchange instructions are discussed, which exchange the contents of a source and des-

tination location. The chapter also presents translate instructions, which change an

operand into a different operand in order to translate from one code to another code.

Chapter

presents branching and looping instructions as used in the X86

assembly language. These instructions transfer control to a section of the program

that does not immediately follow the current instruction. The transfer may be a

backward transfer

to a section of code that was previously executed or a

forward

transfer

to a section of code that follows the current instruction. The

unconditional

jump

instruction advances the instruction pointer register forward or backward a spe-

cific number of instructions. It transfers control to a destination address and pro-

vides no return address. The

conditional jump

instruction transfers control to a

destination instruction in the same code segment if certain condition codes are met

— as determined by a compare instruction. If the condition is not met, then program

execution continues with the next instruction that follows the

conditional jump

instruction. Implementing WHILE and FOR loops in assembly is also presented.

Chapter

presents stack operations in the X86 processor. The stack is a one-

dimensional data structure located in contiguous locations of memory that is used for

the temporary storage of data. It is one of the segments in a segmented memory

model and is called the

stack segment

, in which the base address of the stack is con-

tained in the

stack segment

PUSH instruction; a data element is removed from the top of the stack by a POP

instruction. A stack builds toward lower addresses. Additional PUSH and POP

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