交错扩散S-K-T竞争模型:非平凡平衡解的存在性与稳定性分析

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"The Existence and Stability of Nontrivial Steady States for S-K-T Competition Model with Cross-Diffusion" 本文探讨的是S-K-T(Schnakenberg-Kuramoto-Turing)竞争模型在引入交错扩散效应后的非平凡平衡解的存在性和稳定性问题。S-K-T模型是生物生态学和化学反应动力学等领域中常用来模拟物种间竞争或相互作用的数学模型。交错扩散是指不同物种之间的扩散过程不仅包含自身的扩散,还涉及到对其他物种的扩散影响。这种现象在实际生态系统中是常见的,例如,物种A可能通过某种方式影响物种B的扩散。 在描述这个问题时,作者倪维明、吴雅萍和徐茜首先考虑了一维空间中的竞争方程组。他们研究了当交错扩散率趋于无穷大,而自扩散率保持在某个常数值附近的条件下,如何利用李雅普诺夫-施密特分解法(Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction method)来构造非平凡平衡解。这种方法允许将高维问题转化为低维问题,从而简化了求解的复杂性。 通过这种方法,作者能够证明在极限情况下,存在一类小的非常数正平衡解,并且详细描述了解的结构。此外,他们还利用谱分析(spectral analysis)和解的结构信息,进一步证明了这些非常数正平衡解的稳定性。这意味着在一定的参数范围内,系统会倾向于维持在这种非平凡的平衡状态,而不是演化到其他状态。 当交错扩散率足够大,而自扩散率保持不变时,作者展示了初始的交错扩散方程组也存在小的非平凡正平衡解,并且这些解同样具有稳定性。这表明,即使在极端的扩散条件下,系统仍然可以维持一种稳定的竞争状态。 关键词包括“存在性”,“稳定性”,“平衡解”,“交错扩散”,“极限方程组”和“奇异扰动”,这表明研究的核心集中在证明这些特定解的存在,分析它们的稳定性,并探讨交错扩散如何影响这种稳定性。文章的分类号O175.2则将其归类为偏微分方程领域,这暗示了研究的技术手段主要基于偏微分方程理论。 这篇论文对于理解生物种群动态和化学反应网络的复杂行为提供了重要的理论框架,特别是在考虑交错扩散效应时,对于预测系统长期行为和稳定性具有重要意义。

Write a Model class with the following UML specification: +----------------------------------------------+ | Model | +----------------------------------------------+ | - score: int | | - bubbles: ArrayList<IShape> | +----------------------------------------------+ | + Model() | | + getScore(): int | | + addBubble(int w, int h): void | | + moveAll(int dx, int dy): void | | + clearInvisibles(int w, int h): void | | + deleteBubblesAtPoint(int x, int y): void | | + drawAll(Graphics g): void | | + testModel(): void | +----------------------------------------------+ When a new model object is created, the score must be zero and the arraylist must be empty. The getScore method returns as result the current score for the game. The addBubble method adds a new bubble to the arraylist of bubbles. The position of the center of the new bubble is random but must be inside a window of width w and height h (the arguments of the addBubble method), like this: new Bubble((int)(w * Math.random()), (int)(h * Math.random())) The moveAll method moves the positions of all the bubbles in the arraylist of bubbles by the amount dx in the x direction and by the amount dy in the y direction. The clearInvisibles method takes as argument the width w and the height h of the window, and deletes from the arraylist of bubbles any bubble which is not visible in the window anymore. For each bubble which is deleted, the score decreases by 1.The deleteBubblesAtPoint method takes as argument the coordinates (x, y) of a point, and deletes from the arraylist of bubbles any bubble which contains this point (multiple bubbles might contain the point, because bubbles can overlap in the window). For each bubble which is deleted, the score increases by 1. The drawAll method draws all the bubbles in the arraylist of bub

2023-05-11 上传

帮我地道的翻译:The differential variational inequalities ((DVIs), for short) are useful for the study of models involving both dynamics and constraints in the form of in￾equalities. They arise in many applications: electrical circuits with ideal diodes, Coulomb friction problems for contacting bodies, economical dynamics, dynamic traffic networks. Pang and Stewart [26], [27] established the existence, unique￾ness, and Lipschitz dependence of solutions subject to boundary conditions for (DVIs) in finite dimensional spaces. Han and Pang investigated a class of dif￾ferential quasi-variational inequalities in [11], and Li, Huang and O’Regan [18] studied a class of differential mixed variational inequalities in finite dimensional Well-Posedness of Differential Mixed Quasi-Variational-Inequalities 137 spaces. Gwinner [8] obtained an equivalence result between (DVIs) and projected dynamical systems. In [9] he also proved a stability property for (DVIs) by using the monotonicity method of Browder and Minty, and Mosco set convergence. Chen and Wang [4] studied dynamic Nash equilibrium problems which have the formulation of differential mixed quasi-variational inequalities. Elastoplastic contact problems can also be incorporated into (DMQVIs) formulation because general dynamic processes in the nonsmooth unilateral contact problems are governed by quasi-variational inequalities. A numerical study for nonsmooth contact problems with Tresca friction can be found in [10], Liu, Loi and Obukhovskii [19] studied the existence and global bifurcation for periodic solutions of a class of (DVIs) by using the topological degree theory for multivalued maps and the method of guiding functions. For more details about (DVIs) we refer to [3], [30], [12], [22]–[21].

2023-05-30 上传

3)A digital clock consists of a screen to display the time and a dial for setting in turn the year, month, day, hour and minute. Twisting the dial to the left reduces by one the value being changed but twisting it to the right increases it by one. Pushing the dial alters which value is being adjusted. At first, it is the year but after the dial is pushed once, it is the month, then after the dial is pushed again, it is the day and so on. Imagine the clock is represented by a class with attributes year, month, day etc. The following is what the code for a method rotateDialLeft() might look like. public void rotateDialLeft() { if (mode == YEAR_MODE) { year--; } else if (mode == MONTH_MODE) { month--; } else if (mode == DAY_MODE) { day--; } else if (mode == HOUR_MODE) { hour--; } else if (mode == MINUTE_MODE) { minute--; } } The code for rotateDialRight() is similar. Apply the Open-Closed Principle to explain why the above code is unsatisfactory from the design viewpoint, considering the possibility of future change to the code, giving an example of such a change. 5)Give the code required for the classes introduced in question 3), focusing on the code for a method selectState() which changes the value that is being adjusted from years to months. Make it clear in which classes the code is to be found. Assume the existence of other methods that are needed such as getMonthSetUpState(). 8)Suppose that in a multiplayer role-playing game, a class Client has a dependency to an interface Fighter with public methods attack(), defend() and escape(). The game designer now wishes for Client to use a class Wizard with three different but equivalent public methods castDestructionSpell(), shield() and portal(). Explain how it is possible to do this using an appropriate design pattern.

2023-06-03 上传