《遥感图像处理第三版》：入门与进阶的经典教程

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《遥感（第三版）：图像处理的模型与方法》是一本国外经典的遥感教程，由罗伯特·A·肖温格戴特教授撰写，他担任美国亚利桑那大学电气与计算机工程系荣誉教授、光学科学学院以及干旱土地研究办公室的职务。该书是学术出版社艾塞尔维埃里的一个系列——学术出版社——出版的，分别在马萨诸塞州、加利福尼亚州和英国设有办公点。本书是遥感领域学习者入门和进阶的理想选择，特别适合那些希望深入理解遥感图像处理原理和技术的专业人士。作为第三版，它不仅包含了基础理论，还涵盖了最新的发展和实践应用，反映了遥感技术的快速发展。作者以其丰富的经验和专业知识，将复杂的遥感技术阐述得清晰易懂，旨在帮助读者掌握从数据获取、预处理、特征提取到最终分析的完整流程。书中涉及的主要内容包括： 1. **遥感基础**：介绍了遥感的基本概念，如传感器类型、成像原理、空间分辨率、辐射传输模型等。 2. **遥感数据获取**：讨论了卫星、无人机、航空摄影等多种平台的数据获取方式和其各自的优缺点。 3. **遥感图像预处理**：详细讲解了图像校正、几何纠正、辐射校正等关键步骤，确保数据质量。 4. **遥感图像变换与增强**：涵盖了各种变换（如频率、极化、空间等）及其在特定场景中的应用，以及如何通过增强技术提高图像可读性。 5. **特征提取与分类**：介绍了一系列特征提取方法，如纹理分析、光谱特征、形状特征等，以及监督和非监督分类算法。 6. **遥感模型与方法**：探讨了机器学习、深度学习等现代技术在遥感图像处理中的应用，如卷积神经网络（CNN）在遥感影像解析中的作用。 7. **遥感应用示例**：提供了多个实际案例，展示了遥感技术在环境监测、农业、城市规划、自然资源管理等方面的应用。版权方面，这本书受到严格的保护，未经许可，不得任何形式复制或传播。读者如有需要获取许可，可以直接联系艾塞尔维埃里的科技权利部门。此外，网站<http://elsevier.com>也提供了在线申请权限的便捷途径。《遥感（第三版）：图像处理的模型与方法》是一本实用且权威的指南，对于任何希望在遥感领域深耕或对遥感图像处理感兴趣的读者来说，是不可或缺的学习资料。无论是科研人员还是行业从业人员，都可以从中获得宝贵的知识和实践经验。

Contents xv

APPENDIX A Sensor Acronyms ..................................................... 457

APPENDIX B 1-D and 2-D Functions ............................................ 461

References ........................................................................................ 467

Index ................................................................................................. 509

xvii

Figures

CHAPTER 1 The Nature of Remote Sensing

FIGURE 1-1. A plot of some remote-sensing systems in a two-dimensional parameter space. .. 4

FIGURE 1-2. An example of how maps and imagery complement each other. ........................... 9

FIGURE 1-3. This airborne Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) image of a devastating wildfire

in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, was acquired on September 2, 1988...11

FIGURE 1-4. A nomograph for finding wavelength given frequency, or vice versa, in the

microwave spectral region. ...................................................................................13

FIGURE 1-5. Spaceborne imaging radar image of Isla Isabella in the western Galapagos Islands

taken by the L-band radar in HH polarization from the Spaceborne Imaging Radar

C/X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar on the 40th orbit of the space shuttle

Endeavour on April 15, 1994. ...............................................................................14

FIGURE 1-6. Exo-atmospheric (i.e., arriving at the top of the atmosphere) solar spectral

irradiance and the daylight-adapted response of the human eye. .........................15

FIGURE 1-7. Example vegetation spectral reflectance curves (Bowker et al., 1985). ............... 17

FIGURE 1-8. Example mineral spectral reflectance curves for clay (top) and several alteration

minerals (bottom) (Bowker et al., 1985; Clark et al., 1993)................................. 18

FIGURE 1-9. Comparison of the spatial and spectral sampling of the Landsat TM and AVIRIS in

the VNIR spectral range. ......................................................................................19

FIGURE 1-10. Definition of basic scanner parameters and depiction of three scanning methods,

with specific examples of whiskbroom and pushbroom scanners. ......................20

FIGURE 1-11. Simple geometric description of a single detector element in the focal plane of an

optical sensor. ....................................................................................................... 21

FIGURE 1-12. The relationship between GIFOV and GSI for most scanning sensors and the

particular relationship for the Landsat MSS and AVHRR. ..................................22

FIGURE 1-13. Focal plane detector layout of ETM+................................................................... 24

FIGURE 1-14. Detector layout of the MODIS uncooled VIS and NIR focal planes.................... 25

FIGURE 1-15. Detector layout of the MODIS cooled focal planes.............................................. 26

xviii Figures

FIGURE 1-16. The four sensor chip assemblies (SCAs) in the ALI. ........................................... 27

FIGURE 1-17. The pushbroom 2-D array concept used in the HYDICE, Hyperion, and MERIS

hyperspectral sensors. ........................................................................................... 28

FIGURE 1-18. The 2-D detector array layout used in HYDICE. ................................................. 29

FIGURE 1-19. Visual comparison of ETM+ whiskbroom and ALI pushbroom imagery acquired on

July 27, 2001, of center-pivot irrigated agricultural fields near Maricopa, Arizona.

.............................................................................................................................. 31

FIGURE 1-20. Visual comparison of ETM+ whiskbroom and ALI pushbroom panchromatic

imagery of an area in Alaska acquired by ETM+ on November 27, 1999, and ALI

on November 25, 2000. ........................................................................................32

FIGURE 1-21. Spectral ranges for the 36 MODIS bands. ............................................................ 33

FIGURE 1-22. Four MODIS image bands collected on March 2, 2006, showing James Bay,

Canada, at the top, the Great Lakes in the middle, and Florida at the bottom. .....34

FIGURE 1-23. The three most common multispectral image formats: BIS, BSQ, and BIL,

illustrated with an 8 sample-by-8 line-by-7 band TM image. ..............................37

FIGURE 1-24. The conversion from DN to GL to color in a 24bits/pixel digital video display...38

CHAPTER 2 Optical Radiation Models

FIGURE 2-1. Comparison of the exo-atmospheric (top-of-the-atmosphere) solar spectral

irradiance as used in the atmospheric modeling code MODTRAN (Berk et al., 1989)

to the blackbody curve for T = 5900K. ................................................................47

FIGURE 2-2. Spectral distributions at the top-of-the-atmosphere for the two radiation sources in

the visible through thermal infrared spectral regions. ..........................................48

FIGURE 2-3. The most significant radiation components seen by the sensor in solar reflective

remote sensing are the “direct” component, the “skylight” component, and the “path

radiance” component (commonly called “haze”). ................................................49

FIGURE 2-4. Transmittance of the atmosphere as calculated by the program MODTRAN...... 50

FIGURE 2-5. Solar irradiance in the visible and shortwave IR regions (for a solar elevation angle

of 45°), above the atmosphere and at the earth’s surface. ....................................51

FIGURE 2-6. The geometry of solar direct irradiance on the earth’s surface............................. 52

FIGURE 2-7. Atmospheric path transmittance as viewed by a satellite sensor. ......................... 54

FIGURE 2-8. The path-scattered and ground-reflected components of the total upwelling radiance

seen by a satellite sensor for a surface reflectance of Kentucky Bluegrass. .........56

FIGURE 2-9. The spectral response of Kentucky Bluegrass as predicted by the MODTRAN

model and a plot of a mixed grass and trees response from the AVIRIS image of

Palo Alto (Plate 1-3). ............................................................................................57

Figures xix

FIGURE 2-10. Comparison of the reflectance and remotely-sensed radiance spectral signals for

grass. .....................................................................................................................57

FIGURE 2-11. The influence of terrain relief on image structure is depicted with a co-registered

DEM and TM band 4 image near Berkeley, California........................................ 59

FIGURE 2-12. Maps of the self-shadowed pixels and projected shadows for the solar angles and

DEM of Fig. 2-11. ................................................................................................ 60

FIGURE 2-13. Landsat MSS images of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, acquired on two dates.......60

FIGURE 2-14. TM band 1 through band 4 images of the San Pablo (left) and Briones Reservoirs

(right) north of Berkeley, California (part of the same TM scene used in Fig. 2-11).

.............................................................................................................................. 62

FIGURE 2-15. The reflected and scattered components of the at-sensor radiance (Fig. 2-3) and the

analogous emitted components............................................................................. 63

FIGURE 2-16. The dependence of radiant exitance from a blackbody on its temperature at three

wavelengths. ......................................................................................................... 65

FIGURE 2-17. Atmospheric transmittance (solar elevation = 45°) in the midwave IR and thermal

IR spectral regions. ............................................................................................... 66

FIGURE 2-18. Solar irradiance in the midwave and thermal IR regions (solar elevation = 45°). 67

FIGURE 2-19. The at-sensor radiance above the atmosphere in the middle and thermal IR regions.

............................................................................................................................. 69

FIGURE 2-20. Lake Anna, Virginia, viewed by the Landsat MSS band 4 (June 12, 1978, at

9:30A.M.) and the HCMM thermal band (June 11, 1978, at 3:30A.M.) and Landsat

ETM+ (September 30, 1999, at 10:30A.M.). ....................................................... 70

FIGURE 2-21. TM band 4 (30m GSI) and band 6 (120m GSI) images of the San Francisco area.

.............................................................................................................................. 71

FIGURE 2-22. Landsat TM band 2 and band 6 images of New Orleans, Louisiana, including Lake

Pontchartrain and the Mississippi River (September 16, 1982). ...........................71

FIGURE 2-23. The Santa Rita Mountains, south of Tucson, Arizona, viewed by Landsat TM on

January 8, 1983..................................................................................................... 72

CHAPTER 3 Sensor Models

FIGURE 3-1. The primary components in an electro-optical remote-sensing system................ 76

FIGURE 3-2. Example of subpixel object detection................................................................... 78

FIGURE 3-3. More examples of subpixel object detection. ....................................................... 79

FIGURE 3-4. Detectability analysis for a single target at two different contrasts to the surrounding

background and for an idealized sensor................................................................ 80

FIGURE 3-5. The effect of spatial phasing between the pixel grid and the ground target. ........ 82

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