Structured laser beams: toward 2-μm
femtosecond laser vortices
YONGGUANG ZHAO,
1,2,
*LI WANG,
2
WEIDONG CHEN,
2
PAVEL LOIKO,
3
XAVIER MATEOS,
4
XIAODONG XU,
1
YING LIU,
1
DEYUAN SHEN,
1
ZHENGPING WANG,
5
XINGUANG XU,
5
UWE GRIEBNER,
1
AND VALENTIN PETROV
1
1
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Laser Materials and Devices, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University,
Xuzhou 221116, China
2
Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
3
Centre de Recherche sur les Ions, les Matériaux et la Photonique (CIMAP), UMR 6252 CEA-CNRS-ENSICAEN, Université de Caen,
Caen 14050, France
4
Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Fı´sica i Cristal·lografia de Materials i Nanomaterials (FiCMA-FiCNA), Marcel.li Domingo 1,
43007 Tarragona, Spain
5
State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
*Corresponding author: yongguangzhao@yeah.net
Received 23 October 2020; revised 7 January 2021; accepted 12 January 2021; posted 12 January 2021 (Doc. ID 413276);
published 22 February 2021
Structured ultrashort-pulse laser beams, and in particular eigenmodes of the paraxial Helmholtz equation, are
currently extensively studied for novel potential applications in various fields, e.g., laser plasma acceleration,
attosecond science, and fine micromachining. To extend these prospects further, in the present work we push
forward the advancement of such femtosecond structured laser sources into the 2-μm spectral region. Ultrashort-
pulse Hermite– and Laguerre–Gaussian laser modes both with a pulse duration around 100 fs are successfully
produced from a compact solid-state laser in combination with a simple single-cylindrical-lens converter. The
negligible beam astigmatism, the broad optical spectra, and the almost chirp-free pulses emphasize the high reli-
ability of this laser source. This work, as a proof of principle study, paves the way toward few-cycle pulse gen-
eration of optical vortices at 2 μm. The presented light source can enable new research in the fields of interaction
with organic materials, next generation optical detection, and optical vortex infrared supercontinuum.
© 2021
Chinese Laser Press
https://doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.413276
1. INTRODUCTION
The term structured laser beam (SLB) generally refers to beams
with spatially structured amplitude, phase, or polarization.
Solving the scalar paraxial Helmholtz equation in Cartesian
or cylindrical coordinates, one can derive the Hermite–
Gaussian (HG
n,m
) and Laguerre–Gaussian (LG
p,l
) modes, re-
spectively [1]. These eigenmodes, except for the
lowest-order TEM
00
mode, represent themselves SLBs capable
of synthesizing other more complex SLBs by coherent or inco-
herent superposition. Utilizing the longitudinal electric-field
component of a focused HG
n,m
beam, acceleration of particles
is possible [2] and the trapping force in electron acceleration
can be even higher compared to the fundamental mode [3].
For LG
p,l
modes with a topological charge of l ≠ 0, a singularity
point, i.e., optical vortex, appears, associated with vanishing
amplitude and undefined phase. Such vortices with zero central
intensity carry orbital angular momentum of lℏ per photon [4]
and enable LG
p,l
beams to exert additional torques and forces
on particles in optical trapping and manipulation [5], expand
transmission capacity by exploiting a new degree of freedom in
optical communications [6], break the diffraction resolution
barrier in fluorescence light microscopy in combination with
the stimulated emission depletion technique [7], and involve
multi-dimensional states in quantum entanglement [8].
Femtosecond pulse optical vortices exhibiting higher critical
power for self-focusing collapse compared to a conventional
flattop beam [9], are attractive for some novel applications such
as generation of attosecond vortices through high-order har-
monic generation (HHG) [10], control of light filamentation
for transporting and manipulating microwave radiation in air
[11], and fabrication of three-dimensional chiral microstruc-
tures [12]. So far, the pulse durations of pulsed optical vortices
in the 2-μm spectral region are much longer than 100 fs, thus
limiting some potential applications related not only to the spe-
cific advantages due to the driving wavelength, e.g., in HHG
or organic material processing, but also to the availability of
better nonlinear materials for frequency conversion to yet
longer (mid-IR) wavelengths.
Research Art icle
Vol. 9, No. 3 / March 2021 / Photonics Research 357
2327-9125/21/030357-07 Journal © 2021 Chinese Laser Press