掌握WebVR开发：构建并部署虚拟现实技术

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"《学习Web虚拟现实：构建与部署Web虚拟现实技术》是一本专为Web开发人员设计的实用指南，由Srushtika Neelakantam和Tanay Pant共同编著。该书深入探讨了WebVR API在现代Web开发中的重要角色，它扩展了开发者工具箱，使得利用HTML5、CSS3和JavaScript创建模拟环境成为可能。相较于专门的硬件设备如Microsoft HoloLens和Oculus Rift，使用WebVR API开发虚拟现实应用或游戏无需额外安装复杂的软件开发套件（SDK），大大降低了技术门槛。书中内容覆盖了从基础概念到实战部署的全方位教学，让读者能够掌握如何利用Web平台实现沉浸式体验。学习者将学会如何设计交互式网页，创建3D场景，以及优化性能以适应不同的浏览器和设备。此外，本书还涵盖了WebVR的最佳实践，包括性能优化技巧、用户体验设计和跨平台兼容性考虑。《学习Web虚拟现实》适合那些希望扩展技能组合，将虚拟现实技术融入网站和应用开发的Web开发者，同时也适合对新兴技术有浓厚兴趣的学习者。作者们在书中分享了他们在实践中积累的经验，提供了丰富的案例研究和项目示例，帮助读者快速理解和掌握Web虚拟现实技术的开发流程。该书的国际标准书号(ISBN-13)分别为纸质版的978-1-4842-2709-1和电子版的978-1-4842-2710-7，且已经获得了版权保护。通过阅读这本书，读者不仅能提升专业技能，还能紧跟Web技术的发展潮流，为未来可能的虚拟现实Web应用开发打下坚实的基础。"

Chapter 1 ■ IntroduCtIon to Vr and WebVr

Web-Based Virtual Reality

First conceived in the spring of 2014 at Mozilla, WebVR is an experimental JavaScript

application programming interface (API) that provides support for a large variety of

virtual reality devices via a web browser. WebVR is easy to experience because it works

seamlessly on most smartphones in such a way that a user’s experiences begin and end

in a web browser. You can just send a link to someone to share your web-based WebVR

experience with them.

The WebVR API is an amazing addition to any web developer’s toolkit. It allows you

to develop simulated environments using HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript. Unlike with

devices such as Microsoft HoloLens and Oculus Rift, you do not need any special software

development kit (SDK) to develop VR applications or games.

With the various WebVR frameworks that have been developed, the complexity

of leveraging WebGL efficiently and writing huge chunks of JavaScript code has been

eliminated. You can now develop basic WebVR applications with just HTML5 as a

prerequisite, and the WebVR frameworks abstract away all the complicated work for you.

Using WebVR, you can create applications that run across a wide variety of platforms. In

addition, virtual reality experiences are accessible to users irrespective of the processing

power of the device because WebVR helps adjust the experience to the best that the device

can handle. This means that even low-end devices can still provide a decent VR experience.

If your browser does not support WebVR (say you’re running Safari on your Mac),

you can simply use your mouse to move your “virtual head,” or your field of view,

and use the WASD keys for moving your character (if the developer has enabled this

functionality). Hence, you can easily debug, test, and have fun developing WebVR

applications even if you have no hardware required for running WebVR applications.

Opportunities for WebVR Applications

With the release of economical and easily accessible VR mounts such as Google

Cardboard, the number of users trying VR technologies has been rising sharply.

WebVR applications do not require any special hardware for a user; they require just a

smartphone and VR mount. In addition, WebVR treats HTML5 as a first-class citizen, so

it’s easy for web developers to turn regular web sites into VR experiences.

Web sites contain a lot of data such as pictures, videos, API streams, and text, and

web developers have found ways to display all this information in a neat and concise way

using different web frameworks and libraries. Now, WebVR offers the chance to display all

these pieces of information in a realistic and impressive way in a VR environment.

For example, pictures can be displayed as portraits in a virtual art gallery. Text can

be displayed as a billboard, and the data from API streams can be dynamically used to

generate messages written on a notice board. All these different components can be

simulated realistically in a virtual environment. These are just some examples of what can

be achieved. Developers can totally revolutionize the way users experience web sites and

interact with them.

Chapter 1 ■ IntroduCtIon to Vr and WebVr

Current State of WebVR

There are lots of WebVR frameworks that you can employ to get started with your first

web-based virtual reality experience; they will be covered in Chapter 2. There are

also many decent visual editors for constructing VR scenes, which will help you with

professional WebVR development. Chapter 3 covers many popular projects that have

been developed using the available frameworks that will inspire you to jump-start

development using WebVR frameworks. These frameworks are being actively developed,

and new features are being added for developer communities every day. This is turning

WebVR into a huge sensation with sophisticated tools available for developing an

incredible product. The browser development teams are also evolving quickly to adapt to

the growing VR landscape.

Virtual Reality Devices Available in the Market

Virtual reality devices that can display immersive virtual environments are available

for purchase from many companies all over the world. HTC Vive, Oculus Rift, Sony

PlayStation VR, Samsung Gear VR, Google Cardboard, Google Daydream View, Microsoft

HoloLens, Razer OSVR HDK 2, Fove VR, Sulon Q, OnePlus Loop VR, LG 360 VR, Zeiss

VR One, Avegant Glyph, Zeiss VR One GX, and Homido are some of the most popular

computer-connected and mobile-based virtual reality devices available in the market.

Of these virtual reality devices, only Samsung Gear VR has Super AMOLED display

along with a proximity sensor. (AMOLED stands for “active-matrix organic light-emitting

diode.”) In Chapter 3, we will discuss which devices are best for economically practicing

the exercises given in the book.

Summary

In this chapter, you learned about virtual reality, types of hardware setups for VR devices,

web-based virtual reality, the need to develop applications utilizing web-based virtual

reality, and the current state of WebVR. You then learned about the various devices that

can run virtual reality environments available in the market.

In the next chapter, you will learn about the WebVR API and briefly look at the

W3C specifications for the WebVR API. You will also learn about MozVR and the various

WebVR frameworks that are used by WebVR developers (and that we will be using in this

book). You will also learn about the efforts being made by various browsers to support

WebVR.

S. Neelakantam and T. Pant, Learning Web-based Virtual Reality,

DOI 10.1007/978-1-4842-2710-7_2

CHAPTER 2

Bringing VR to the Web and

WebVR Frameworks

In this chapter, you will learn more about the WebVR API and quickly look at the W3C

specifications for it. You will also learn about MozVR and the various WebVR frameworks

that are used by WebVR developers (and that we will be using in this book). You will also

learn about the efforts being made by various browsers to support WebVR with the help

of MozVR’s online application.

The WebVR API

The WebVR API is an experimental JavaScript API that provides access to virtual reality

devices such as Oculus Rift, HTC Vive, Samsung Gear VR, and Google Cardboard via

a web browser. This API is currently available in the nightly builds of Firefox, in the

experimental builds of Chromium, and in Samsung Internet for Gear VR. The Editor’s

Draft of the WebVR specification has been posted on GitHub (https://w3c.github.io/

webvr/) by the World Wide Web Consortium. This specification describes support for

accessing virtual reality devices, including sensors and head-mounted displays, via the

Web. It is a pretty long document. You should try giving it a read if you are interested in

contributing to these open source browser projects and to the development of WebVR

frameworks. However, if it seems too dry, you can skip it. We’ll walk you through some of

the WebVR API specification from a high-level view in this chapter.

Hardware that enables VR applications requires high-precision and low-latency

interfaces to deliver decent and lag-free experiences. We already discussed in Chapter 1

that WebVR also aims to provide a decent experience for lower-end devices. Other

interfaces, such as device orientation events, can be repurposed to become VR input, but

doing so dilutes the interface’s original intent and often does not provide the precision

necessary for high-quality VR. The WebVR API provides purpose-built interfaces to VR

hardware, which allows developers to build realistic and comfortable VR experiences.

The best place to get involved in contributing to WebVR is the WebVR mailing

list (https://mail.mozilla.org/listinfo/web-vr-discuss). Another great place to

interact with WebVR enthusiasts is the WebVR Slack channel (https://webvr.slack.

com). Developers of these browsers as well as a lot of expert community members hang

around this channel, so it is a great place to get started.

Chapter 2 ■ Bringing Vr to the WeB and WeBVr FrameWorks

What Is MozVR?

MozVR stands for the Mozilla Virtual Reality team; this team works on including

and improving support for WebVR in the Firefox web browser as well as developing

the A-Frame WebVR framework. MozVR’s web site (https://mozvr.com) consists of

information on getting started with WebVR for various devices such as iOS and Android

(using VR mounts), Oculus Rift, and HTC Vive. It also has an amazing gallery of demos

that have been built with WebVR technologies.

Is Your Browser WebVR Enabled?

If you want to know which features of WebVR are supported by which browser, then you

can make use of MozVR’s “Is WebVR Ready?” web site (https://iswebvrready.org). This

web site helps you obtain information on specific features and figure out whether they

run on a given browser. It also provides information on the state of development of these

features as well as information on how they can be enabled in case they aren’t enabled by

default in a browser.

The web site also provides information on the implementation of features such as

the WebVR API, Oculus Rift support, HTC Vive support, the Gamepad API, Gamepad

extensions, Gamepad haptics, Gamepad pose, Gamepad touchpad support, the Web

Audio API, and the Web Speech API.

WebVR Developer Tools

In the previous chapter, we discussed the current state of WebVR. We’ll now discuss some

of the frameworks and tools that are available for constructing an effective and amazing

virtual reality experience for the Web. Please note that the intention of this section is

just to get you familiar with the various tools and frameworks. Hence, this is only a brief

introduction to get you excited about the stuff that is available for developers. You will

be learning about some of these frameworks and tools in future chapters to build your

WebVR applications and will be studying them more in depth at that time.

A-Frame

A-Frame (https://aframe.io/) is an open source WebVR framework that is being

developed by the MozVR team for creating virtual reality experiences with HTML

(see Figure2-1). You can build VR scenes that work across a wide variety of smartphones,

desktops, Oculus Rift, and HTC Vive. It basically encapsulates the complicated WebGL

and JavaScript code and allows you to build virtual reality scenes using just HTML.

A-Frame is a three.js framework, and it works on the entity-component system pattern

that we will cover more in Chapter 4. A-Frame drastically reduces the boilerplate code

and has been classically crafted for web developers. It also provides a fallback for

experiencing the same content without requiring a VR device.

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