UNIX程序员手册：Linux学习必备

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"UNIX程序员手册.pdf" 《UNIX程序员手册》是学习Linux系统不可或缺的参考资料，尤其对深入了解UNIX系统机制和编程接口至关重要。这份手册的第七版，出版于1979年，由Bell电话实验室编著，是UNIX系统发展历史中的经典之作。尽管此版本不再有Ken Thompson和Dennis Ritchie的署名，但他们依然是UNIX时间共享系统的创始人和指导者。许多手册中介绍的改进都体现了他们的思想。书中特别提到了众多为UNIX系统发展做出贡献的人，包括A.V. Aho、S.R. Bourne、L.L. Cherry、G. L. Chesson、S.I. Feldman、C.B. Haley、R.C. Haight、S.C. Johnson、M.E. Lesk、T.L. Lyon、L.E. McMahon、R. Morris、R. Muha、D.A. Nowitz、L. Wehr以及P.J. Weinberger等人。同时，T.A. Dolotta、A.G. Fraser、J.F. Maranzano和J.R. Mashey等人的有效建议和批评也得到了作者们的感谢。这里还特别纪念了已故的Joseph F. Ossanna，他的工作对UNIX有着重要的影响。第一卷的引言中指出，本卷主要介绍了UNIX系统对外公开的功能特性，并不试图提供全面的历史视角或深入的技术分析。手册旨在为程序员提供使用UNIX系统时所需的基本信息，包括命令、系统调用、库函数等。它将帮助读者理解如何在UNIX环境下进行程序设计，利用系统资源，以及与其他用户和系统进行交互。手册内容可能涵盖以下几个核心领域： 1. **操作系统基础**：讲解UNIX系统的基本架构，包括进程管理、内存管理、文件系统、I/O系统等方面。 2. **shell编程**：介绍Bash shell或其他shell的使用，包括命令行界面、脚本编写和环境变量管理。 3. **系统调用**：详细列出所有可用的系统调用，如打开、读写文件、创建进程、信号处理等。 4. **库函数**：涵盖C语言标准库中的各种函数，如字符串操作、数学运算、内存管理等。 5. **工具和命令**：描述UNIX系统中常用命令的用法，如grep、sed、awk等文本处理工具。 6. **网络编程**：讲解UNIX下的网络编程接口，如套接字（socket）编程，以及TCP/IP协议栈的使用。 7. **错误处理和调试**：如何处理程序运行中的错误，以及使用gdb等工具进行调试。通过阅读《UNIX程序员手册》，不仅可以学习到具体的编程技术，还能理解UNIX哲学，即简洁、模块化和工具组合的思想，这对于任何希望在Linux环境下工作的程序员都是极其宝贵的财富。手册中的实例代码和详尽的解释将有助于读者快速掌握UNIX编程的核心技能，从而更高效地开发和维护软件项目。

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dump, ddate – incremental dump format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dump(5)

core – format of core image ﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . core(5)

dir – format of directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dir(5)

ﬁlsys, ﬂblk, ino – format of ﬁle system volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ﬁlsys(5)

tbl – format tables for nroff or troff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tbl(1)

roff – format text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . roff(1)

tp – DEC/mag tape formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tp(5)

scanf, fscanf, sscanf – formatted input conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scanf(3)

printf, fprintf, sprintf – formatted output conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . printf(3)

troff, nroff – text formatting and typesetting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . troff(1)

ms – macros for formatting manuscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ms(7)

f77 – Fortran 77 compiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f77(1)

ratfor – rational Fortran dialect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ratfor(1)

struct – structure Fortran programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . struct(1)

cookies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ching, fortune – the book of changes and other . . . . . . . . . . ching(6)

conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . printf, fprintf, sprintf – formatted output . . . . . . . . . . . . . printf(3)

stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . putc, putchar, fputc, putw – put character or word on a . . . . . . . . . . putc(3)

puts, fputs – put a string on a stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . puts(3)

fread, fwrite – buffered binary input/output . . . . . . . . . fread(3)

df – disk free . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . df(1)

allocator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . malloc, free, realloc, calloc – main memory . . . . . . . . . . . . malloc(3)

fopen, freopen, fdopen – open a stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fopen(3)

exponent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . frexp, ldexp, modf – split into mantissa and . . . . . . . . frexp(3)

scanf, fscanf, sscanf – formatted input conversion . . . . . . . . . scanf(3)

fseek, ftell, rewind – reposition a stream . . . . . . . . . . fseek(3)

stat, fstat – get ﬁle status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stat(2)

fseek, ftell, rewind – reposition a stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . fseek(3)

time, ftime – get date and time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . time(2)

ﬂoor, ceil – absolute value, ﬂoor, ceiling functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fabs, ﬂoor(3)

intro – introduction to library functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . intro(3)

j0, j1, jn, y0, y1, yn – bessel functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j0(3)

tan, asin, acos, atan, atan2 – trigonometric functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sin, cos, sin(3)

sinh, cosh, tanh – hyperbolic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sinh(3)

fread, fwrite – buffered binary input/output . . . . . . . . . . . . fread(3)

backgammon – the game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . backgammon(6)

checkers – game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . checkers(6)

moo – guessing game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . moo(6)

bj – the game of black jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bj(6)

chess – the game of chess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chess(6)

reversi – a game of dramatic reversals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . reversi(6)

wump – the game of hunt-the-wumpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wump(6)

hangman, words – word games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . words(6)

itom, madd, msub, mult, mdiv, min, mout, pow, gcd, rpow – multiple precision integer/ . . . . . . . . . . . mp(3)

ecvt, fcvt, gcvt – output conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ecvt(3)

maze – generate a maze problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . maze(6)

mkconf – generate conﬁguration tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mkconf(1)

makekey – generate encryption key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . makekey(8)

abort – generate IOT fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . abort(3)

factor, primes – factor a number, generate large primes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . factor(1)

ncheck – generate names from i-numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ncheck(1)

rand, srand – random number generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rand(3)

lex – generator of lexical analysis programs . . . . . . . . . . . lex(1)

or word from stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . getc, getchar, fgetc, getw – get character . . . . . . . . . . getc(3)

getuid, getgid, geteuid, getegid – get user and group identity . . . . . . . . . . . . getuid(2)

getenv – value for environment name . . . . . . . . . . . getenv(3)

identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . getuid, getgid, geteuid, getegid – get user and group . . . . . . . . . . . getuid(2)

endgrent – get group ﬁle entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . getgrent, getgrgid, getgrnam, setgrent, . . . . . . . . . . . getgrent(3)

getlogin – get login name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . getlogin(3)

getpass – read a password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . getpass(3)

getpid – get process identiﬁcation . . . . . . . . . . . . . getpid(2)

getpw – get name from UID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . getpw(3)

endpwent – get password ﬁle entry . . . . . . . . . . . getpwent, getpwuid, getpwnam, setpwent, . . . . . . . . . getpwent(3)

gets, fgets – get a string from a stream . . . . . . . . . . . gets(3)

getty – set typewriter mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . getty(8)

and group identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . getuid, getgid, geteuid, getegid – get user . . . . . . . . . getuid(2)

getc, getchar, fgetc, getw – get character or word from stream . . . . . . . . . getc(3)

time to ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ctime, localtime, gmtime, asctime, timezone – convert date and . . . . . . . ctime(3)

setjmp, longjmp – non-local goto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . setjmp(3)

graph – draw a graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . graph(1)

plot – graphics ﬁlters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . plot(1)

plot: openpl et al. – graphics interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . plot(3)

plot – graphics interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . plot(5)

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pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grep, egrep, fgrep – search a ﬁle for a . . . . . . . . . . . grep(1)

chown, chgrp – change owner or group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chown(1)

newgrp – log in to a new group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newgrp(1)

group – group ﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . group(5)

getgrgid, getgrnam, setgrent, endgrent – get group ﬁle entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . getgrent, getgrent(3)

setuid, setgid – set user and group ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . setuid(2)

getgid, geteuid, getegid – get user and group identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . getuid, getuid(2)

chown – change owner and group of a ﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chown(2)

make – maintain program groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . make(1)

ioctl, stty, gtty – control device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ioctl(2)

moo – guessing game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . moo(6)

hangman, words – word games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . words(6)

hier – ﬁle system hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hier(7)

hp – RH-11/RP04, RP05, RP06 moving-head disk . . . . . hp(4)

hs – RH11/RS03-RS04 ﬁxed-head disk ﬁle . . . . . . . . . hs(4)

ht – RH-11/TU-16 magtape interface . . . . . . . . . . . . ht(4)

wump – the game of hunt-the-wumpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wump(6)

sinh, cosh, tanh – hyperbolic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sinh(3)

hypot, cabs – euclidean distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hypot(3)

check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . icheck – ﬁle system storage consistency . . . . . . . . . . icheck(1)

setuid, setgid – set user and group ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . setuid(2)

su – substitute user id temporarily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . su(1)

getpid – get process identiﬁcation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . getpid(2)

geteuid, getegid – get user and group identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . getuid, getgid, getuid(2)

exit, export, login, newgrp,/ . . . . . . . . . sh, for, case, if, while, break, continue, cd, eval, exec, . . . . . . . . . . sh(1)

signal – catch or ignore signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . signal(2)

core – format of core image ﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . core(5)

dump, ddate – incremental dump format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dump(5)

dump – incremental ﬁle system dump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dump(1)

restor – incremental ﬁle system restore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . restor(1)

ptx – permuted index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ptx(1)

strcmp, strncmp, strcpy, strncpy, strlen, index, rindex – string operations . . . . . . . . . . /strncat, string(3)

indir – indirect system call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . indir(2)

init, rc – process control initialization . . . . . . . . . . . init(8)

ttys – terminal initialization data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ttys(5)

popen, pclose – initiate I/O to/from a process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . popen(3)

ﬁlsys, ﬂblk, ino – format of ﬁle system volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . ﬁlsys(5)

clri – clear i-node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . clri(1)

scanf, fscanf, sscanf – formatted input conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scanf(3)

ungetc – push character back into input stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ungetc(3)

fread, fwrite – buffered binary input/output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fread(3)

stdio – standard buffered input/output package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stdio(3)

ferror, clearerr, ﬁleno – stream status inquiries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . feof, ferror(3)

refer, lookbib – ﬁnd and insert literature references in documents . . . . . . . . . . refer(1)

cat – phototypesetter interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cat(4)

dn – DN-11 ACU interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dn(4)

du, dp – DU-11 201 data-phone interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . du(4)

ht – RH-11/TU-16 magtape interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ht(4)

plot: openpl et al. – graphics interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . plot(3)

plot – graphics interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . plot(5)

tm – TM-11/TU-10 magtape interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tm(4)

tty – general terminal interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tty(4)

spline – interpolate smooth curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . spline(1)

pipe – create an interprocess channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pipe(2)

intro – introduction to commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . intro(1)

intro – introduction to library functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . intro(3)

numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . intro, errno – introduction to system calls and error . . . . . . . . . . . . intro(2)

ncheck – generate names from i-numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ncheck(1)

iostat – report I/O statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iostat(1)

popen, pclose – initiate I/O to/from a process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . popen(3)

ioctl, stty, gtty – control device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ioctl(2)

iostat – report I/O statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iostat(1)

abort – generate IOT fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . abort(3)

isascii/ . . . . . . . . . . isalpha, isupper, islower, isdigit, isalnum, isspace, ispunct, isprint, iscntrl, . . . . . . . . . . ctype(3)

ttyname, isatty, ttyslot – ﬁnd name of a terminal . . . . . . . . . . . ttyname(3)

/isdigit, isalnum, isspace, ispunct, isprint, iscntrl, isascii – character classiﬁcation . . . . . . . . . . . ctype(3)

system – issue a shell command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . system(3)

ispunct, isprint, iscntrl, isascii/ . . . . . . . . . . isalpha, isupper, islower, isdigit, isalnum, isspace, . . . . . . . . . . ctype(3)

gcd, rpow – multiple precision integer/ . . . . . . . . . . itom, madd, msub, mult, mdiv, min, mout, pow, . . . . . . mp(3)

j0, j1, jn, y0, y1, yn – bessel functions . . . . . . . . . . . j0(3)

bj – the game of black jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bj(6)

j0, j1, jn, y0, y1, yn – bessel functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j0(3)

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join – relational database operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . join(1)

makekey – generate encryption key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . makekey(8)

kill – send signal to a process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kill(2)

prejudice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kill – terminate a process with extreme . . . . . . . . . . . kill(1)

mem, kmem – core memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mem(4)

integers and long integers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l3tol, ltol3 – convert between 3-byte . . . . . . . . . . . . l3tol(3)

awk – pattern scanning and processing language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . awk(1)

bc – arbitrary-precision arithmetic language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bc(1)

shift, times, trap, umask, wait – command language . . . . . . . . . /login, newgrp, read, readonly, set, sh(1)

ld – loader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ld(1)

exponent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . frexp, ldexp, modf – split into mantissa and . . . . . . . . . . . frexp(3)

lex – generator of lexical analysis programs . . . . . . . . lex(1)

– ﬁnd ordering relation for an object library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lorder lorder(1)

ar – archive ( library) ﬁle format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ar(5)

intro – introduction to library functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . intro(3)

ar – archive and library maintainer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ar(1)

col – ﬁlter reverse line feeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . col(1)

comm – select or reject lines common to two sorted ﬁles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . comm(1)

uniq – report repeated lines in a ﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . uniq(1)

look – ﬁnd lines in a sorted list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . look(1)

rev – reverse lines of a ﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rev(1)

ln – make a link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ln(1)

link – link to a ﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . link(2)

a.out – assembler and link editor output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.out(5)

link – link to a ﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . link(2)

lint – a C program veriﬁer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lint(1)

look – ﬁnd lines in a sorted list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . look(1)

nlist – get entries from name list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nlist(3)

nm – print name list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nm(1)

ls – list contents of directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ls(1)

refer, lookbib – ﬁnd and insert literature references in documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . refer(1)

ln – make a link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ln(1)

ld – loader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ld(1)

convert date and time to ASCII . . . . . . . . . . ctime, localtime, gmtime, asctime, timezone – . . . . . . . . . . . ctime(3)

end, etext, edata – last locations in program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . end(3)

lock – lock a process in primary memory . . . . . . . . . lock(2)

newgrp – log in to a new group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newgrp(1)

logarithm, power, square root . . . . . . . . . . . . exp, log, log10, pow, sqrt – exponential, . . . . . . . . . . . . exp(3)

ac – login accounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ac(1)

getlogin – get login name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . getlogin(3)

/continue, cd, eval, exec, exit, export, login, newgrp, read, readonly, set, shift,/ . . . . . . . . . . sh(1)

passwd – change login password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . passwd(1)

utmp, wtmp – login records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . utmp(5)

setjmp, longjmp – non-local goto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . setjmp(3)

look – ﬁnd lines in a sorted list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . look(1)

references in documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . refer, lookbib – ﬁnd and insert literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . refer(1)

object library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lorder – ﬁnd ordering relation for an . . . . . . . . . . . . lorder(1)

ls – list contents of directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ls(1)

lseek, tell – move read/write pointer . . . . . . . . . . . . lseek(2)

long integers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l3tol, ltol3 – convert between 3-byte integers and . . . . . . . . l3tol(3)

m4 – macro processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m4(1)

ms – macros for formatting manuscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . ms(7)

man – macros to typeset manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . man(7)

rpow – multiple precision integer/ . . . . . . . . . . itom, madd, msub, mult, mdiv, min, mout, pow, gcd, . . . . . . . mp(3)

tp – DEC/ mag tape formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tp(5)

ht – RH-11/TU-16 magtape interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ht(4)

tm – TM-11/TU-10 magtape interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tm(4)

xsend, xget, enroll – secret mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xsend(1)

mail – send or receive mail among users . . . . . . . . . . mail(1)

malloc, free, realloc, calloc – main memory allocator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . malloc(3)

make – maintain program groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . make(1)

ar – archive and library maintainer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ar(1)

make – maintain program groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . make(1)

mkdir – make a directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mkdir(1)

mknod – make a directory or a special ﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mknod(2)

ln – make a link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ln(1)

mktemp – make a unique ﬁle name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mktemp(3)

banner – make long posters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . banner(6)

makekey – generate encryption key . . . . . . . . . . . . makekey(8)

allocator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . malloc, free, realloc, calloc – main memory . . . . . . . . malloc(3)

man – macros to typeset manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . man(7)

- xvii -

man – print sections of this manual . . . . . . . . . . . . man(1)

tp – manipulate tape archive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tp(1)

frexp, ldexp, modf – split into mantissa and exponent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . frexp(3)

man – print sections of this manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . man(1)

man – macros to typeset manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . man(7)

ms – macros for formatting manuscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ms(7)

umask – set ﬁle creation mode mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . umask(2)

eqn, neqn, checkeq – typeset mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eqn(1)

maze – generate a maze problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . maze(6)

precision integer/ . . . . . . . . itom, madd, msub, mult, mdiv, min, mout, pow, gcd, rpow – multiple . . . . . . . . mp(3)

bcd, ppt – convert to antique media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bcd(6)

mem, kmem – core memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mem(4)

lock – lock a process in primary memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lock(2)

mem, kmem – core memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mem(4)

malloc, free, realloc, calloc – main memory allocator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . malloc(3)

sort – sort or merge ﬁles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sort(1)

mesg – permit or deny messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mesg(1)

perror, sys_errlist, sys_nerr – system error messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . perror(3)

precision/ . . . . . . . . . itom, madd, msub, mult, mdiv, min, mout, pow, gcd, rpow – multiple . . . . . . . . . . . mp(3)

mkconf – generate conﬁguration tables . . . . . . . . . . . mkconf(1)

mkdir – make a directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mkdir(1)

mkfs – construct a ﬁle system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mkfs(1)

mknod – build special ﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mknod(1)

mknod – make a directory or a special ﬁle . . . . . . . . . mknod(2)

mktemp – make a unique ﬁle name . . . . . . . . . . . . mktemp(3)

chmod – change mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chmod(1)

getty – set typewriter mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . getty(8)

umask – set ﬁle creation mode mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . umask(2)

chmod – change mode of ﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chmod(2)

frexp, ldexp, modf – split into mantissa and exponent . . . . . . . . . . frexp(3)

touch – update date last modiﬁed of a ﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . touch(1)

monitor – prepare execution proﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . monitor(3)

moo – guessing game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . moo(6)

mount, umount – mount and dismount ﬁle system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mount(1)

mount, umount – mount or remove ﬁle system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mount(2)

system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mount, umount – mount and dismount ﬁle . . . . . . . . . mount(1)

mount, umount – mount or remove ﬁle system . . . . . . . mount(2)

mtab – mounted ﬁle system table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mtab(5)

integer/ . . . . . . . itom, madd, msub, mult, mdiv, min, mout, pow, gcd, rpow – multiple precision . . . . . . . . . mp(3)

mv – move or rename ﬁles and directories . . . . . . . . . . . . mv(1)

lseek, tell – move read/write pointer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lseek(2)

hp – RH-11/RP04, RP05, RP06 moving-head disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hp(4)

rp – RP-11/RP03 moving-head disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rp(4)

ms – macros for formatting manuscripts . . . . . . . . . . ms(7)

– multiple precision integer/ . . . . . . . . . itom, madd, msub, mult, mdiv, min, mout, pow, gcd, rpow . . . . . . . mp(3)

mtab – mounted ﬁle system table . . . . . . . . . . . . . mtab(5)

multiple precision integer/ . . . . . . . itom, madd, msub, mult, mdiv, min, mout, pow, gcd, rpow – . . . . . . . . . mp(3)

mv – move or rename ﬁles and directories . . . . . . . . . mv(1)

getenv – value for environment name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . getenv(3)

getlogin – get login name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . getlogin(3)

mktemp – make a unique ﬁle name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mktemp(3)

pwd – working directory name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pwd(1)

tty – get terminal name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tty(1)

getpw – get name from UID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . getpw(3)

nlist – get entries from name list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nlist(3)

nm – print name list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nm(1)

ttyname, isatty, ttyslot – ﬁnd name of a terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ttyname(3)

terminals– conventional names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . term(7)

ncheck – generate names from i-numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ncheck(1)

dumpdir – print the names of ﬁles on a dump tape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dumpdir(1)

ncheck – generate names from i-numbers . . . . . . . . . . ncheck(1)

eqn, neqn, checkeq – typeset mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . eqn(1)

creat – create a new ﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . creat(2)

arcv – convert archives to new format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . arcv(1)

newgrp – log in to a new group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newgrp(1)

fork – spawn new process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fork(2)

newgrp – log in to a new group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . newgrp(1)

trap,/ . . . . . . . . . . /cd, eval, exec, exit, export, login, newgrp, read, readonly, set, shift, times, . . . . . . . . . . sh(1)

dbminit, fetch, store, delete, ﬁrstkey, nextkey – data base subroutines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dbm(3)

nice – set program priority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nice(2)

nice, nohup – run a command at low priority . . . . . . . . nice(1)

nlist – get entries from name list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nlist(3)

- xviii -

nm – print name list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nm(1)

clri – clear i- node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . clri(1)

nice, nohup – run a command at low priority . . . . . . . . . . nice(1)

setjmp, longjmp – non-local goto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . setjmp(3)

troff, nroff – text formatting and typesetting . . . . . . . . . . . troff(1)

tbl – format tables for nroff or troff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tbl(1)

deroff – remove nroff, troff, tbl and eqn constructs . . . . . . . . . . . . . deroff(1)

null – data sink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . null(4)

arithmetic – provide drill in number facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . arithmetic(6)

factor, primes – factor a number, generate large primes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . factor(1)

rand, srand – random number generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rand(3)

atof, atoi, atol – convert ASCII to numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . atof(3)

– introduction to system calls and error numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . intro, errno intro(2)

ncheck – generate names from i- numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ncheck(1)

size – size of an object ﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . size(1)

lorder – ﬁnd ordering relation for an object library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lorder(1)

od – octal dump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . od(1)

open – open for reading or writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . open(2)

fopen, freopen, fdopen – open a stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fopen(3)

dup, dup2 – duplicate an open ﬁle descriptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dup(2)

open – open for reading or writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . open(2)

plot: openpl et al. – graphics interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . plot(3)

strncpy, strlen, index, rindex – string operations . . . . . . . . . /strncat, strcmp, strncmp, strcpy, string(3)

join – relational database operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . join(1)

stty – set terminal options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stty(1)

lorder – ﬁnd ordering relation for an object library . . . . . . . . . . . . lorder(1)

a.out – assembler and link editor output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a.out(5)

fread, fwrite – buffered binary input/ output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fread(3)

ecvt, fcvt, gcvt – output conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ecvt(3)

printf, fprintf, sprintf – formatted output conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . printf(3)

stdio – standard buffered input/ output package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stdio(3)

chown – change owner and group of a ﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chown(2)

chown, chgrp – change owner or group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chown(1)

quot – summarize ﬁle system ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . quot(1)

pk – packet driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pk(4)

pkopen, pkclose, pkread, pkwrite, pkfail – packet driver simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pkopen(3)

pkon, pkoff – establish packet protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pkon(2)

tk – paginator for the Tektronix 4014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tk(1)

passwd – change login password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . passwd(1)

passwd – password ﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . passwd(5)

getpass – read a password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . getpass(3)

passwd – change login password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . passwd(1)

passwd – password ﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . passwd(5)

getpwuid, getpwnam, setpwent, endpwent – get password ﬁle entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . getpwent, getpwent(3)

grep, egrep, fgrep – search a ﬁle for a pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grep(1)

awk – pattern scanning and processing language . . . . . . . . . . awk(1)

pause – stop until signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pause(2)

cc, pcc – C compiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cc(1)

popen, pclose – initiate I/O to/from a process . . . . . . . . . . . popen(3)

mesg – permit or deny messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mesg(1)

ptx – permuted index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ptx(1)

messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . perror, sys_errlist, sys_nerr – system error . . . . . . . . . perror(3)

du, dp – DU-11 201 data- phone interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . du(4)

cat – phototypesetter interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cat(4)

tc – photypesetter simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tc(1)

addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . phys – allow a process to access physical . . . . . . . . . phys(2)

pipe – create an interprocess channel . . . . . . . . . . . . pipe(2)

tee – pipe ﬁtting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tee(1)

pk – packet driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pk(4)

driver simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pkopen, pkclose, pkread, pkwrite, pkfail – packet . . . . . . . . . . pkopen(3)

pkon, pkoff – establish packet protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pkon(2)

packet driver simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pkopen, pkclose, pkread, pkwrite, pkfail – . . . . . . . . . pkopen(3)

plot – graphics ﬁlters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . plot(1)

plot – graphics interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . plot(5)

plot: openpl et al. – graphics interface . . . . . . . . . . . plot(3)

vp – Versatec printer- plotter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vp(4)

lseek, tell – move read/write pointer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lseek(2)

process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . popen, pclose – initiate I/O to/from a . . . . . . . . . . . popen(3)

banner – make long posters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . banner(6)

itom, madd, msub, mult, mdiv, min, mout, pow, gcd, rpow – multiple precision integer/ . . . . . . . . mp(3)

square root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . exp, log, log10, pow, sqrt – exponential, logarithm, power, . . . . . . . . . exp(3)

bcd, ppt – convert to antique media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bcd(6)

剩余403页未读，继续阅读

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