地理信息系统入门：GIS技术揭秘

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"GIS Demystified" 是一本由Stephen R. Galati编著的关于地理信息系统的入门电子书，旨在揭示GIS领域的基础知识和技术的最新发展。该书是Artech House Mobile Communications Series系列的一部分，提供了对GIS技术的深入理解和应用指南。 GIS（地理信息系统）是一种集成地图、数据库、计算机硬件和软件的系统，用于收集、存储、管理、分析和展示所有类型地理位置数据的技术。GIS在过去的四十年间经历了显著的发展，并逐渐渗透到各个主要行业和服务领域。随着新用户的增加，GIS引起了广泛的兴趣，同时也伴随着一些不确定性和误解。本书内容可能涵盖以下关键知识点： 1. **GIS的基本概念**：介绍GIS的核心组成部分，包括数据采集、空间分析、地图制作和信息可视化。讨论GIS如何将地理坐标与属性数据相结合，以提供对地理现象的深入理解。 2. **GIS的数据管理**：阐述如何组织和管理地理数据，包括矢量数据（点、线、面）和栅格数据（像素图）。讨论数据质量、数据标准化和数据互操作性的重要性。 3. **GIS软件工具**：介绍常见的GIS软件，如ArcGIS、QGIS和GRASS等，以及它们的特性和用途。讨论桌面GIS、Web GIS和移动GIS的区别和应用场景。 4. **空间分析**：解释空间查询、空间统计、缓冲区分析、网络分析和地形分析等GIS分析方法，以及它们在规划、环境科学、城市设计和灾害管理中的应用。 5. **GIS的应用**：通过案例研究展示GIS在土地利用规划、环境保护、交通规划、公共卫生、应急响应、市场分析和自然资源管理等领域的实际应用。 6. **GIS的未来趋势**：探讨GIS技术的最新进展，如云计算GIS、大数据分析、物联网(IoT)集成、机器学习和人工智能在GIS中的应用。 7. **GIS伦理和法规**：讨论GIS数据的隐私问题、知识产权和法规限制，以及在使用GIS时应遵循的职业道德。 8. **GIS教育和培训**：介绍GIS的学习路径，包括在线课程、认证考试和专业发展机会，帮助读者进一步提升GIS技能。 9. **GIS的不确定性**：分析GIS分析中的误差来源，如数据不精确性、投影误差和用户输入错误，以及如何减小这些不确定性的影响。通过阅读《GIS Demystified》，初学者和对GIS感兴趣的读者可以全面了解这一技术的原理、应用和挑战，消除对GIS的误解，为进一步深入学习和实践GIS打下坚实基础。

Preface

The field of geographic information systems (GISs) is emerging as one of today’s

most exciting and progressive technical areas. GIS technology has evolved dur-

ing the past four decades and is only now starting to penetrate major industry

and service hubs. With such a wide array of new users, there exists not only con-

siderable interest in GIS but also a fair amount of uncertainty and misunder-

standing surrounding the discipline.

Like other technical fields, there have been various methods employed to

convey the fundamentals, implementation, and importance within the industry.

My personal approach within this book is to encourage the highest quality

understanding of GIS fundamentals before suggesting the reader study through

application. In taking this route, this book attempts to disband user uncertainty

and misgivings through guiding discussions about GIS rudiments and technical

theory. With this in mind, I want to clarify the book’s distinct structure, level of

technical information, and somewhat hands-off approach.

The book is structured into three distinct parts:

•

Part I: What Is a Geographic Information System?

•

Part II: Geodesy, Earth Models, and Coordinate Systems

•

Part III: GIS Applications and Environments

Although the specific content of each division is summarized in the Intro-

duction, I want to offer some insight into each part’s overall intent and degree of

technical detail. On the surface, the technical level varies among the parts, but

with very good reason. Let me briefly explain.

Part I presents the preliminary background of what a GIS is, why it exists,

how it works, and what forms of data it uses. Within this first division, my pri-

mary focus is to get readers up to speed on GIS’s composition and I take an

explicitly less technical path to achieving this. A more technical approach to this

background information would leave the reader swathed in tangential theory

and would needlessly add further complexity to an already intricate subject. The

topics in Part I are supportive in nature and are approached as such with distinct

technical brevity.

Part II is the true “nuts and bolts” of GIS and, as such, is approached with

a much greater technical treatment. My approach to Part II is to comprehen-

sively explain the theory behind GIS’s core components, such as the reference

model of the Earth, the coordinate systems, and the map projection. As you will

notice, Part II is dramatically more complex in nature than Part I and this is

done for a specific reason: Most GIS uncertainty, misgivings, and misuse extend

from a limited understanding of these core components. I believe a comprehen-

sive understanding of these topics is essential for effective, proper, and creative

GIS use.

Part III takes a step beyond the theoretical to provide an overview of geo-

graphic data presentation, real-world applications, and inexpensive (practice)

systems and data. To this end, Part III is technically less complex than the previ-

ous part for the sole reason of conveying a clearer vision of how GISs are actually

used, rather than overwhelming the reader with a thorough discussion on each

element.

I want to highlight one other featurea benefitto my approach: It is

theory based rather than hands-on based. I call it a benefit because true

hands-on approaches lead the reader to focus primarily on the use of a GIS (typ-

ically on a specific system) rather than on understanding a GIS. Presented too

early, this hands-on method, I feel, becomes an impediment to comprehension.

A quality theoretical understanding is the key ingredient to effective and insight-

ful real-world use. A hands-on approach restrictively focuses on a particular sys-

tem, while a theory-based approach lets the user (reader) freely experiment and

choose the system on which to learn. This is not to say a hands-on approach to

GIS is a wrong learning method; I am simply stating that for the best use of a

GIS and to gain the greatest amount of user perspective, the theory-based

approach proves beneficial and leaves the reader at the doorstep of hands-on

practice.

I hope you enjoy this book and gain a deep appreciation and excitement

for geographic information systems.

xvi

Geographic Information Systems Demystified

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