Linux内核开发权威指南（第2版）：深入理解与实践

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"《Linux Kernel Development 2ed》是一本经典的IT专业书籍，由Robert Love所著，由Sams Publishing于2005年1月12日出版。本书的ISBN号码为0-672-32720-1，共432页，深入剖析了Linux内核这个既引人入胜又鲜为人知的开源项目。作为Novell内部专家的力作，第二版旨在为读者提供最新、最权威的Linux内核开发信息。在本书中，作者不仅关注Linux 2.6内核的更新特性，还揭示了尚未公开的开发进展，帮助读者从理论和实践两个层面全面理解Linux内核的工作原理。内容涵盖了众多关键主题，例如算法设计、系统调用接口、内存管理（如paging strategies）以及内核同步机制，这些都是构建高性能和稳定系统的基石。读者将通过本书深入了解内核的运作机制，包括其核心概念、模块化设计、驱动程序开发，以及如何处理并发和错误处理等高级技术。《Linux Kernel Development 2ed》不仅是内核开发者不可或缺的参考书，也是对Linux操作系统有深入兴趣的学习者提升技能的重要资源。无论你是希望成为Linux内核的资深开发者，还是想借此了解操作系统底层工作的工程师，这本书都提供了详尽而实用的知识，帮助你在Linux kernel的探索之旅中不断进步，最终成为Linux内核开发领域的专家。如果你敢于接受挑战，阅读并掌握本书，你将能够站在技术的前沿，成为Linux内核开发领域的佼佼者。"

Second Edition Acknowledgments

Like most authors, I did not write this book in a cave (which is a good thing, because there are

bears in caves) and consequently many hearts and minds contributed to the completion of this

manuscript. Although no list would be complete, it is my sincere pleasure to acknowledge the

assistance of many friends and colleagues who provided encouragement, knowledge, and

constructive criticism.

First off, I would like to thank all of the editors who worked long and hard to make this book

better. I would particularly like to thank Scott Meyers, my acquisition editor, for spearheading

this second edition from conception to final product. I had the wonderful pleasure of again

working with George Nedeff, production editor, who kept everything in order. Extra special

thanks to my copy editor, Margo Catts. We can all only hope that our command of the kernel is

as good as her command of the written word.

A special thanks to my technical editors on this edition: Adam Belay, Martin Pool, and Chris

Rivera. Their insight and corrections improved this book immeasurably. Despite their sterling

efforts, however, any remaining mistakes are my own fault. The same big thanks to Zack Brown,

whose awesome technical editing efforts on the first edition still resonate loudly.

Many fellow kernel developers answered questions, provided support, or simply wrote code

interesting enough on which to write a book. They are Andrea Arcangeli, Alan Cox, Greg Kroah-

Hartman, Daniel Phillips, Dave Miller, Patrick Mochel, Andrew Morton, Zwane Mwaikambo, Nick

Piggin, and Linus Torvalds. Special thanks to the kernel cabal (there is no cabal).

Respect and love to Paul Amici, Scott Anderson, Mike Babbitt, Keith Barbag, Dave Camp, Dave

Eggers, Richard Erickson, Nat Friedman, Dustin Hall, Joyce Hawkins, Miguel de Icaza, Jimmy

Krehl, Patrick LeClair, Doris Love, Jonathan Love, Linda Love, Randy O'Dowd, Sal Ribaudo and

mother, Chris Rivera, Joey Shaw, Jon Stewart, Jeremy VanDoren and family, Luis Villa, Steve

Weisberg and family, and Helen Whisnant.

Finally, thank you to my parents, for so much.

Happy Hacking!

Robert Love

Cambridge,

Massachusetts

Chapter 1. Introduction to the Linux

Kernel

After three decades of use, the unix operating system is still regarded as one of the most

powerful and elegant systems in existence. Since the creation of Unix in 1969, the brainchild of

Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson has become a creature of legends, a system whose design has

withstood the test of time with few bruises to its name.

Unix grew out of Multics, a failed multiuser operating system project in which Bell Laboratories

was involved. With the Multics project terminated, members of Bell Laboratories' Computer

Sciences Research Center were left without a capable interactive operating system. In the

summer of 1969, Bell Lab programmers sketched out a file system design that ultimately

evolved into Unix. Testing their design, Thompson implemented the new system on an otherwise

idle PDP-7. In 1971, Unix was ported to the PDP-11, and in 1973, the operating system was

rewritten in C, an unprecedented step at the time, but one that paved the way for future

portability. The first Unix widely used outside of Bell Labs was Unix System, Sixth Edition, more

commonly called V6.

Other companies ported Unix to new machines. Accompanying these ports were enhancements

that resulted in several variants of the operating system. In 1977, Bell Labs released a

combination of these variants into a single system, Unix System III; in 1982, AT&T released

System V

[1]

What about System IV? The rumor is it was an internal development version.

The simplicity of Unix's design, coupled with the fact that it was distributed with source code, led

to further development at outside organizations. The most influential of these contributors was

the University of California at Berkeley. Variants of Unix from Berkeley are called Berkeley

Software Distributions (BSD). The first Berkeley Unix was 3BSD in 1979. A series of 4BSD

releases, 4.0BSD, 4.1BSD, 4.2BSD, and 4.3BSD, followed 3BSD. These versions of Unix added

virtual memory, demand paging, and TCP/IP. In 1993, the final official Berkeley Unix, featuring a

rewritten VM, was released as 4.4BSD. Today, development of BSD continues with the Darwin,

Dragonfly BSD, FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD systems.

In the 1980s and 1990s, multiple workstation and server companies introduced their own

commercial versions of Unix. These systems were typically based on either an AT&T or Berkeley

release and supported high-end features developed for their particular hardware architecture.

Among these systems were Digital's Tru64, Hewlett Packard's HP-UX, IBM's AIX, Sequent's

DYNIX/ptx, SGI's IRIX, and Sun's Solaris.

The original elegant design of the Unix system, along with the years of innovation and

evolutionary improvement that followed, have made Unix a powerful, robust, and stable

operating system. A handful of characteristics of Unix are responsible for its resilience. First,

Unix is simple: Whereas some operating systems implement thousands of system calls and have

unclear design goals, Unix systems typically implement only hundreds of system calls and have a

very clear design. Next, in Unix, everything is a file

[2]

. This simplifies the manipulation of data

and devices into a set of simple system calls: open(), read(), write(), ioctl(), and close().

In addition, the Unix kernel and related system utilities are written in Ca property that gives

Unix its amazing portability and accessibility to a wide range of developers. Next, Unix has fast

process creation time and the unique fork() system call. This encourages strongly partitioned

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