ANTLR 4权威指南：构建语言处理器

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"Pragmatic.The Definitive ANTLR 4 Reference.2013" 是一本关于ANTLR 4的权威参考书籍，由Terence Parr撰写，2013年出版。ANTLR（ANother Tool for Language Recognition）是一个强大的解析器生成器，用于读取、处理、执行或翻译结构化文本或二进制文件。这本书以其清晰的写作风格和轻松的叙述方式，深入浅出地介绍了构建语言处理器的实践细节。 ANTLR 4在技术社区中得到了广泛的认可和应用。例如，在Android的Dalvik虚拟机设计者Dan Bornstein的评价中，他赞扬ANTLR是一个非常强大且灵活的工具，适合解析形式语言。在Twitter，ANTLR被用于搜索引擎的查询解析，生成的代码高效且稳定。Samuel Luckenbill，Twitter的搜索基础设施高级经理，推荐这本书作为ANTLR v4的首选参考，称赞其内容丰富，示例实用。 Niko Matsakis，Rust语言的核心贡献者和Mozilla Research的研究员，认为ANTLR 4使得解析变得简单，而这本书则进一步简化了这一过程，详细解释了从设计语法到利用输出的每一步。Oracle公司的资深软件工程师Nikolay Krasilnikov回忆起自己四年前在NetBeans IDE和Sun Studio IDE中工作时，如果能有ANTLR 4和这本书，将会带来极大的帮助，他高度评价了书中的内容和可读性。 ANTLR 4的主要功能包括： 1. **语法定义**：ANTLR 4支持基于EBNF（扩展巴科斯范式）的语法定义，允许开发者创建复杂的语法规则。 2. **解析器生成**：ANTLR 4能够自动生成目标语言的解析器和词法分析器代码，如Java、C#、Python等。 3. **错误处理**：ANTLR 4提供强大的错误恢复机制，即使在输入不匹配的情况下也能尽可能地继续解析。 4. **树遍历**：ANTLR 4生成的解析树结构便于进行语法分析后的操作，如抽象语法树（AST）的构建和遍历。 5. **插件系统**：ANTLR 4支持插件，可以扩展其功能，如语法高亮、语法验证等。 6. **性能优化**：ANTLR 4生成的解析器在性能上表现出色，可以处理大规模的输入数据。这本书详细讲解了如何使用ANTLR 4设计和实现解析器，包括如何编写语法规则、调试语法错误、优化解析性能以及如何将解析结果转化为实际的应用。通过实际案例和示例代码，读者可以学习到如何有效地利用ANTLR 4解决各种语言解析问题。《Pragmatic.The Definitive ANTLR 4 Reference.2013》是一本对于语言处理和解析技术感兴趣的开发者不可或缺的参考书籍，无论你是初学者还是经验丰富的专业人士，都能从中受益匪浅。

ANTLR v4 is exactly what I want in a parser generator, so I can finally get

back to the problem I was originally trying to solve in the 1980s. Now, if I

could just remember what that was.

What’s in This Book?

This book is the best, most complete source of information on ANTLR v4 that

you’ll find anywhere. The free, online documentation provides enough to learn

the basic grammar syntax and semantics but doesn’t explain ANTLR concepts

in detail. Only this book explains how to identify grammar patterns in lan-

guages and how to express them as ANTLR grammars. The examples woven

throughout the text give you the leg up you need to start building your own

language applications. This book helps you get the most out of ANTLR and

is required reading to become an advanced user.

This book is organized into four parts.

• Part I introduces ANTLR, provides some background knowledge about

languages, and gives you a tour of ANTLR’s capabilities. You’ll get a taste

of the syntax and what you can do with it.

• Part II is all about designing grammars and building language applications

using those grammars in combination with tree walkers.

• Part III starts out by showing you how to customize the error handling of

ANTLR-generated parsers. Next, you’ll learn how to embed actions in the

grammar because sometimes it’s simpler or more efficient to do so than

building a tree and walking it. Related to actions, you’ll also learn how to

use semantic predicates to alter the behavior of the parser to handle some

challenging recognition problems.

The final chapter solves some challenging language recognition problems,

such as recognizing XML and context-sensitive newlines in Python.

• Part IV is the reference section and lays out all of the rules for using the

ANTLR grammar meta-language and its runtime library.

Readers who are totally new to grammars and language tools should definitely

start by reading Chapter 1, Meet ANTLR, on page 3 and Chapter 2, The Big

Picture, on page 9. Experienced ANTLR v3 users can jump directly to Chapter

4, A Quick Tour, on page 31 to learn more about v4’s new capabilities.

The source code for all examples in this book is available online. For those

of you reading this electronically, you can click the box above the source code,

and it will display the code in a browser window. If you’re reading the paper

version of this book or would simply like a complete bundle of the code, you

report erratum • discuss

What’s in This Book? • xv

needed to compile and execute recognizers generated by ANTLR. In a nutshell,

the ANTLR tool converts grammars into programs that recognize sentences

in the language described by the grammar. For example, given a grammar

for JSON, the ANTLR tool generates a program that recognizes JSON input

using some support classes from the ANTLR runtime library.

The jar also contains two support libraries: a sophisticated tree layout library

and StringTemplate,

a template engine useful for generating code and other

structured text (see the sidebar The StringTemplate Engine, on page 4). At version

4.0, ANTLR is still written in ANTLR v3, so the complete jar contains the previous

version of ANTLR as well.

The StringTemplate Engine

StringTemplate is a Java template engine (with ports for C#, Python, Ruby, and Scala)

for generating source code, web pages, emails, or any other formatted text output.

StringTemplate is particularly good at multitargeted code generators, multiple site skins,

and internationalization/localization. It evolved over years of effort developing jGuru.com.

StringTemplate also generates that website and powers the ANTLR v3 and v4 code gener-

ators. See the About

page on the website for more information.

http://www.stringtemplate.org/about.html

You can manually download ANTLR from the ANTLR website using a web

browser, or you can use the command-line tool

curl

to grab it.

$ cd /usr/local/lib

$ curl -O http://www.antlr.org/download/antlr-4.0-complete.jar

On Unix,

/usr/local/lib

is a good directory to store jars like ANTLR’s. On Windows,

there doesn’t seem to be a standard directory, so you can simply store it in your

project directory. Most development environments want you to drop the jar into

the dependency list of your language application project. There is no configuration

script or configuration file to alter—you just need to make sure that Java knows

how to find the jar.

Because this book uses the command line throughout, you need to go through

the typical onerous process of setting the

CLASSPATH

environment variable. With

CLASSPATH

set, Java can find both the ANTLR tool and the runtime library. On Unix

systems, you can execute the following from the shell or add it to the shell start-

up script (

.bash_profile

for

bash

shell):

http://code.google.com/p/treelayout

http://www.stringtemplate.org

http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/environment/paths.html

Chapter 1. Meet ANTLR • 4

report erratum • discuss

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