精通ANTLR 4权威指南：实用解析与语言处理实践

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"《普拉格玛：ANTLR 4权威指南》(Pragmatic.The Definitive ANTLR 4 Reference.2013)是一本备受推崇的IT技术书籍，由 Parr 执笔，以其清晰的写作风格和轻松幽默的笔触，为读者提供了构建语言处理器的实用细节。这本书对ANTLR 4的强大和灵活性给予了高度评价，它是Twitter在搜索引擎查询解析中的首选工具，其语法简洁且生成的代码高效稳定。 Dan Bornstein，Android Dalvik虚拟机的设计者，称赞ANTLR 4是一个非常强大且灵活的解析语言工具。他在Twitter上使用ANTLR 4时，发现它的设计过程清晰，而这本书则将所有内容整合在一个易于理解的地方，成为他们团队的必备参考资料。 Samuel Luckenbill，Twitter搜索基础设施的高级经理，强调ANTLR 4简化了解析工作，而该书则进一步简化了整个流程，从设计语法到利用输出都有详尽的指导。这使得即使是处理复杂任务如开发C++语法，也能变得更为容易，如Niko Matsakis在编写NetBeans IDE和Sun Studio IDE中的经验所示，他遗憾没有早些年拥有ANTLR 4和这本书。 Nikolay Krasilnikov，Oracle Corp的高级软件工程师，也给出了积极的反馈，他认为这本书内容优秀，易于阅读，对于那些早期在IDE环境中进行语言语法开发的开发者来说，这本书无疑是个宝贵的资源。《Pragmatic.The Definitive ANTLR 4 Reference》不仅适合ANTLR 4的初学者，也适合已有经验的开发者深入学习和实践。书中丰富的实践例子、清晰的教程以及作者对ANTLR 4的深度理解，使之成为语言处理和解析工作的经典指南，无论是理论学习还是实际项目开发，都能从中获益匪浅。"

ANTLR v4 is exactly what I want in a parser generator, so I can finally get

back to the problem I was originally trying to solve in the 1980s. Now, if I

could just remember what that was.

What’s in This Book?

This book is the best, most complete source of information on ANTLR v4 that

you’ll find anywhere. The free, online documentation provides enough to learn

the basic grammar syntax and semantics but doesn’t explain ANTLR concepts

in detail. Only this book explains how to identify grammar patterns in lan-

guages and how to express them as ANTLR grammars. The examples woven

throughout the text give you the leg up you need to start building your own

language applications. This book helps you get the most out of ANTLR and

is required reading to become an advanced user.

This book is organized into four parts.

• Part I introduces ANTLR, provides some background knowledge about

languages, and gives you a tour of ANTLR’s capabilities. You’ll get a taste

of the syntax and what you can do with it.

• Part II is all about designing grammars and building language applications

using those grammars in combination with tree walkers.

• Part III starts out by showing you how to customize the error handling of

ANTLR-generated parsers. Next, you’ll learn how to embed actions in the

grammar because sometimes it’s simpler or more efficient to do so than

building a tree and walking it. Related to actions, you’ll also learn how to

use semantic predicates to alter the behavior of the parser to handle some

challenging recognition problems.

The final chapter solves some challenging language recognition problems,

such as recognizing XML and context-sensitive newlines in Python.

• Part IV is the reference section and lays out all of the rules for using the

ANTLR grammar meta-language and its runtime library.

Readers who are totally new to grammars and language tools should definitely

start by reading Chapter 1, Meet ANTLR, on page 3 and Chapter 2, The Big

Picture, on page 9. Experienced ANTLR v3 users can jump directly to Chapter

4, A Quick Tour, on page 31 to learn more about v4’s new capabilities.

The source code for all examples in this book is available online. For those

of you reading this electronically, you can click the box above the source code,

and it will display the code in a browser window. If you’re reading the paper

version of this book or would simply like a complete bundle of the code, you

report erratum • discuss

What’s in This Book? • xv

needed to compile and execute recognizers generated by ANTLR. In a nutshell,

the ANTLR tool converts grammars into programs that recognize sentences

in the language described by the grammar. For example, given a grammar

for JSON, the ANTLR tool generates a program that recognizes JSON input

using some support classes from the ANTLR runtime library.

The jar also contains two support libraries: a sophisticated tree layout library

and StringTemplate,

a template engine useful for generating code and other

structured text (see the sidebar The StringTemplate Engine, on page 4). At version

4.0, ANTLR is still written in ANTLR v3, so the complete jar contains the previous

version of ANTLR as well.

The StringTemplate Engine

StringTemplate is a Java template engine (with ports for C#, Python, Ruby, and Scala)

for generating source code, web pages, emails, or any other formatted text output.

StringTemplate is particularly good at multitargeted code generators, multiple site skins,

and internationalization/localization. It evolved over years of effort developing jGuru.com.

StringTemplate also generates that website and powers the ANTLR v3 and v4 code gener-

ators. See the About

page on the website for more information.

http://www.stringtemplate.org/about.html

You can manually download ANTLR from the ANTLR website using a web

browser, or you can use the command-line tool

curl

to grab it.

$ cd /usr/local/lib

$ curl -O http://www.antlr.org/download/antlr-4.0-complete.jar

On Unix,

/usr/local/lib

is a good directory to store jars like ANTLR’s. On Windows,

there doesn’t seem to be a standard directory, so you can simply store it in your

project directory. Most development environments want you to drop the jar into

the dependency list of your language application project. There is no configuration

script or configuration file to alter—you just need to make sure that Java knows

how to find the jar.

Because this book uses the command line throughout, you need to go through

the typical onerous process of setting the

CLASSPATH

environment variable. With

CLASSPATH

set, Java can find both the ANTLR tool and the runtime library. On Unix

systems, you can execute the following from the shell or add it to the shell start-

up script (

.bash_profile

for

bash

shell):

http://code.google.com/p/treelayout

http://www.stringtemplate.org

http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/environment/paths.html

Chapter 1. Meet ANTLR • 4

report erratum • discuss

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精通ANTLR 4权威指南：实用解析与语言处理实践

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