Mac OS X Terminal基础教程v2.1.2：探索Unix世界与强大功能

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Mac OS X Terminal Basics v2.1.2 是一份针对 Mac OS X 的基础教程，由 Neal Parikh 编写，发布于2003年2月11日。这份文档旨在帮助用户快速了解和掌握 Mac OS X 中的 BSD 子系统，这是一个强大的工具集，提供了大量的新功能和应用程序访问。通过学习，用户可以实现许多高级操作。首先，该指南从目录开始，介绍了教程的主要内容，包括介绍、Unix 原理、Darwin 系统的基础、各种 shell 的简介、执行系统命令、基本的 shell 自定义设置、权限管理、运行程序、NetInfo 的功能、编译基础知识、进程管理、文本编辑器（Pico、Emacs 和 Vi）的入门以及 XWindows/X11 的使用等。关于为什么 Apple 选择 Unix 作为新操作系统的核心，教程解释了几个关键原因： 1. 历史背景：Mac OS X 的根源可以追溯到 NeXTSTEP，它本身就是一个基于 Unix 的系统。 2. 开发者角度：对于不熟悉 Mac 平台的开发者来说，Unix 提供了一个熟悉的开发环境，易于移植和扩展。 3. 功能性和兼容性：Unix 的强大功能和广泛的应用库使得 Mac OS X 能够拥有更丰富的功能集合。 4. 高性能和稳定性：Unix 的设计哲学强调性能和可靠性，这对系统的整体表现至关重要。 5. 社区支持与生态系统：Unix 拥有庞大的开发者社区和成熟的应用生态，这有助于加速新 OS 的成长和发展。此外，教程还涵盖了如何利用 Terminal 进行基础操作，如运行系统命令，理解不同级别的权限控制，以及掌握常用的文本编辑器，这对于在 Mac 上进行系统管理和编程工作是必不可少的。最后，XWindows/X11 的介绍则为图形界面之外的文本和窗口管理提供了解决方案，使用户能够更高效地进行多任务处理和远程通信。 Mac OS X Terminal Basics v2.1.2 是一个全面且实用的指南，对于初次接触 Mac OS X 的用户或者希望提升技能的开发者而言，都是一份宝贵的学习资料。通过深入理解和实践，用户将能充分利用这个强大的工具来增强其在 Mac 平台上的生产力。

6 Introduction to shells

The shell is, in some sense, the most fundamental user-level Unix program. It takes input from the

user, runs other applications, and gives output back to the user. As Unix evolved, however, shells

added more features, and they began to diﬀer from each other more. To the novice user, there is no

diﬀerence what shell you use. They handle some things diﬀerently, such as aliases, shell preference

settings, shell scripting, job control, command completion, and so on and so forth.

The most p opular shells are tcsh, zsh, and bash (not necessarily in that order). tcsh is the default

shell in Mac OS X, and bash is the default shell in Linux. zsh is bundled with OS X, and you c an

try it out by typing zsh at the prompt. You can run shells within shells, and just exit out of them

in order.

In this document, I’m going to be using tcsh (since it’s the default shell), but if you’re interested

in trying out zsh, the zsh manpage is a good place to start. bash isn’t bundled with OS X, but you

can install it pretty eas ily via source or Fink (http://ﬁnk.sourceforge.net).

6.1 Aliases

Aliases are very, very useful. Sometimes, Unix com mands can get long, and if you use certain

commands very frequently, it becomes a bigger and bigger waste of time to keep retyping them.

This is where aliases come in. Let’s say I make and close lots of Terminal windows throughout the

day, so I want to make exiting shells quicker. I could make an alias for the exit command so I could

just type x and have the window close. In tcsh, the syntax for this would be:

alias x exit

That’s it. If the command you’re aliasing is more than one word, you can put single quotes around

it, like this:

alias server ‘ssh neal@server.example.com’

In order to ensure that your aliases (and other settings) are available whenever you open a new

Terminal window, you put them in a shell startup ﬁle. Shell startup ﬁles (as well as startup ﬁles

for many other Unix applications) are hidden ﬁles (they begin with a .) that end with rc. The tcsh

startup ﬁle is .tcshrc, and it’s stored in your home directory. (Similarly, you might have .zshrc

or .bashrc.) Don’t worry that this ﬁle isn’t there by default; we’ll get to creating it later.

SSH (http://www.openssh.org) is a secure, encrypted remote login program – an alternative to telnet.

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btwc2005

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